The claim that classical nucleation theory (CNT) correctly predicts the dependence on supersaturation of the steady-state rate of homogeneous nucleation is reexamined in light of recent experimental studies of nucleation of a range of substances, including water, argon, nitrogen, and several 1-alcohols. Based on these studies (which include, for water, a compilation of nine different studies), ...

Recent observations of the growth of protein crystals have identified two different growth regimes. At low supersaturation, the surface of the crystal is smooth and increasing in size due to the nucleation of steps at defects and the subsequent growth of the steps. At high supersaturation, nucleation occurs at many places simultaneously, the crystal surface becomes rough, and the growth velocit...

We describe a dual diffusion chamber for observing ice crystal growth from water vapor in air as a function of temperature and supersaturation. In the first diffusion chamber, thin c-axis ice needles with tip radii ∼ 100 nm are grown to lengths of ∼ 2 mm. The needle crystals are then transported to a second diffusion chamber where the temperature and supersaturation can be independently control...

Electrospark deposition (ESD) was studied to investigate the possibility of forming non-equilibrium microstructures in Al alloy systems. The results have demonstrated that the level of supersaturation is system-dependent. The Al-10 wt% Mg system exhibited a complete supersaturation, while the Al-Si system had a supersaturation level reaching about 1wt%. The ESD process was also used to demonstr...

The currently used “kinetic-fractionation” (KF) model of the differential incorporation of water-molecule isotopologues into vapor-grown ice omits surface processes on crystal facets that may be important in temperature reconstructions. This article introduces the “surface-kinetic” fractionation model, a model that includes such surface processes, and shows that differences in deposition coeffi...

A ghost interface simulation technique is developed and applied to supersaturated Lennard-Jones liquid-vapor interfaces. It is shown that the surface tension decreases approximately linearly with the supersaturation ratio and that it vanishes at the spinodal. The effect leads to a curvature-dependent surface tension since, it is argued, the local supersaturation of the vapor above a droplet is ...

The formulation development for poorly soluble drugs still remains a challenge. Supersaturating drug delivery systems (SDDS) or drug delivery systems based on supersaturating provide a promising way to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In supersaturable formulations, drug concentration exceeds the equilibrium solubility when exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, and ...

Ethylene glycol (EG)-induced hyperoxaluria is the most commonly employed experimental regimen as an animal model of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation. The variant sensitivity to CaOx among different rat strains has not been fully explored, although the Wistar rat is known to accumulate more CaOx in kidney tissue after low-dose EG exposure than in the Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Supersaturatio...

Abstract. This research introduces a numerically efficient aerosol activation scheme and evaluates it by using stratus stratocumulus cloud data sampled during multiple aircraft campaigns in Canada, Chile, Brazil, China. The employs quasi-steady-state approximation of the droplet growth equation (QDGE) to efficiently simulate activation, vertical profile supersaturation, activated number concent...

The study of nucleation and growth mechanisms of salts from aqueous solutions, as a function of supersaturation, is described using both macroscopic and microscopic experiments. In situ observations in a fluid cell in an atomic force microscope (AFM) reveal phenomena not accounted for in standard crystal-growth theories, specifically on the role of the crystal structure of the substrate in cont...