A dynamic simulation model of the German residential building stock has been developed. It allows assessing eco-political instruments to reduce final energy demand in buildings and to quantify the corresponding emissions of CO2, NOx, SO2, CH4, NMVOC, and particulate matter (PM). The model simulates the implementation of energy efficiency measures and heating systems based on renewable energy. S...

There is an extensive and rapidly growing body of literature on renewable energy [...]

Based on these targets, and assuming that these targets will be met in a linear fashion (i.e., equal capacity installation per year), using forecasted costs of renewable technologies, this would require approximately $189 billion of additional investment, including $132 billion of debt and $57 billion of equity. Among technologies, solar energy would require approximately $131 billion, wind ene...

Several drivers, usually recognized as electricity market, renewable energy sources and smartgrids are behind the concept of increasing distributed electricity generation from solar PV systems, wind turbines and CHP systems. These microsources have been installed as a consequence of government incentives aiming to secure supply of energy and to reduce the CO2 emissions by using renewable energy...

This article, which closely follows a paper that REIL was asked to prepare by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), considers the question of non-tariff barriers and renewable energy primarily from the perspective of the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Further work that REIL is engaged in will also consider regional and bilateral trade and investment agreem...

We examine underlying conflicts between technological capabilities and global production networks in South Africa's solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy industries. This includes an analysis of the complex and multi-scalar relationships that exist between international and local institutions, as well as the embedded nature of renewable energy technology within a national and international po...

Considerable and fast investments in renewable energy technologies are needed order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions achieve the Paris Agreement climate change mitigation targets. Many of these investment decisions made at territorial level, especially those related heating sector. When choosing most suitable investments, decision makers need consider several performance indicators—economic, ...