Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and ...

A wireless sensor network is the version of adhoc networks consisting nodes with less energy power fitted with a radio transceiver. The primary constraint of a sensor node is its energy resource limitation in the form of a short battery lifetime. Energy is the critical problem while we design the algorithm for wireless sensor networks to maximize the network lifetime. Hence we have to design th...

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of large number of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes. The sensor nodes have limited energy resources, processing and storage capabilities. Clustering is an energy efficient and scalable way to organize the WSN. Clustering algorithm is often adopted in wireless sensor networks but many clustering algorithm do not provide the required energy ef...

Experimental observations have shown the size-dependent residual surface stresses on spherical nanoparticles and their influence on the effective modulus of heterogeneous nanostructures. Based on these experimental findings, this paper proposes a new interface stress theory that considers the curvature effect on the interfacial energy. To investigate this curvature-dependent interfacial energy,...

The γ-rays from γ-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to be produced by internal shocks driven by small timescale, ∼ 1 ms, variation in the GRB outflows, and a pair-production spectral cutoff is generally expected around the GeV range. However, the observed optical flashes accompanying GRBs suggest that the delayed residual collisions due to large timescale variation continue to accelerate electrons...

A flooding attack in a wireless sensor network consumes the energy of the sensor node included in the path in the process of sending a persistent false packet to the base station. If a flooding attack is continuously generated, the sensor node with a low residual energy causes energy depletion and the life of the sensor networks is shortened when the number of sensor nodes having depleted energ...

A new energy aware routing protocol to optimize energy consumption and prolong network lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) had been proposed in this paper. Cluster based routing techniques like the conventional Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) are used to achieve scalable solutions and extend the network lifetime until the last node dies. Improved Energy Efficient LEACH...

In order to prolong the network lifetime, energy-efficient protocols should be designed to adapt the characteristic of wireless sensor networks. Clustering Algorithm is a kind of key technique used to reduce energy consumption, which can increase network scalability and lifetime. This paper studies the performance of clustering algorithm in saving energy for heterogeneous wireless sensor networ...

BACKGROUND Prosthetic devices are intended to return lower limb amputees to their pre-amputation functional status. However, prosthetic devices designed for unilateral below-knee amputees have yet to completely restore the biomechanical functions normally provided by the ankle muscles, leading to gait asymmetries and increased reliance on their intact leg. In an effort to improve amputee gait, ...