Historically-politically, Islam has become part of the traditional Malay states (palities). The Islamic-Malay relationship is manifested in a political conception legitimacy kingdom/sultanate, especially referring to sultanate Malacca. Since time Malacca sultanate, role something that cannot even be contested. Politically, unifying factor for Malays. In short, Islamic discourse penetrated and e...

Abstract Parallel to Arab Nahḍah , Ottoman modernization program is associated with the Tanzimat, a period of drastic social, political and institutional transformation. The word tanẓīmāt itself, however, merely means “regulations” or “reorganization” very little has been done in investigating conceptual ideational foundations Tanzimat reforms. question at stake here how these series reforms we...

State Shintoism and Buddhist Persecution. THAT THE MEI]I RESTORATION \'\'AS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A COMbination of forces (such as the development of commerce, industry and capitalism) which were united under the slogan of the Restoration of· Imperial Rule which, in turn, was concocted bv the students of the Hirata School of Shintoism under the impending atmosphere of \'V'estern encroachment to the ...

In the fall of 1830, a fair and handsome youth from Framingham, Massachusetts, joined the senior dass of Yale College. He was destined to become not only one of its most distinguished members, but also to shed luster upon the two recently founded professional schools in divinity and in medicine. The personal characteristics that, in degree at least, set him apart from his dassmates were earnest...

Islamic finance can no longer be dismissed as a passing fad or an epiphenomenon of revivalism. financial institutions now operate in over 70 countries. Their assets have increased more than fortyfold since 1982 to exceed $200 billion. In 1996 and 1997, they grown at respective annual rates 24 26 per cent.1 By certain (probably overly optimistic) estimates, up half the savings world may near fut...

Japan and the United States are both post-industrial societies, characterised by distinct trajectories of dying. Both contain multiple "cultural scripts" of the good death. Seale (Constructing Death: the Sociology of Dying and Bereavement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998) has identified at least four "cultural scripts", or ways to die well, that are found in contemporary anglophone ...

Sanskritization is a particular form of social change found in India. It denotes the process by which castes placed lower caste hierarchy seek upward mobility emulating rituals and practices upper or dominant castes. similar to passing anthropological terms. This term was made popular Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas 1950s.The cultural elements Aryans slowly penetrated into society Dravidians....

A comparative study of the corresponding styles of Western and Iranian modern architecture has hardly ever been carried out in detail. This paper aims to sketch out an outline for such an investigation and to present a summary of empirical evidence accompanied by field observations to elaborate the ongoing trend of relationship between architectural styles in Iran and that of the West. This is ...