Food includes a wide range of biological materials with diverse rheological character. They are mostly a mixture of different structures previously treated in this book: emulsions, suspensions, foams, gels, solutions and melts. This means that the food rheologist deals with complex fluids which often are substantially inhomogeneous. The variability in the biological food systems is large in con...

Erythrocyte deformability was formerly measured by its contribution to whole blood viscosity. It is now more commonly measured by filtration of erythrocytes through, or aspiration into, pores of 3-5 microns diameter and by the measurement of shear induced erythrocyte elongation using laser diffractometry. Recent improvements in the technology for erythrocyte filtration have included the removal...

1. A modified falling ball viscometer (rolling ball viscometer) for blood and other humors is presented. It is capable of easily measuring flow properties at several stresses, as is required to define satisfactorily the properties of anomalous flow systems. At high shearing stresses, apparent specific viscosity values of 2.5 + are observed, corresponding to 2.2 +/-0.2 reported as possible with ...

We have examined the effects of mutations in the six allele-specific modifier genes su(Hw), e(we), su(f), su(s), su(wa), and su(pr) on the expression of 18 modifiable alleles, situated at 11 loci. Ten of the modifiable alleles are associated with insertions of the gypsy retrotransposon and the others include alleles associated with insertions of copia and 412. We tested or retested 90 of the 10...

This chapter concerns the flow behaviour of polymeric liquids. This is a short introduction to the variety of behaviour observed in these complex fluids. It is addressed at the level of a graduate student, who has had exposure to basic fluid mechanics. The contents provide only a broad overview and some simple physical explanations to explain the phenomena. For detailed study and applications t...

Modifier gene models are used to explore the evolution of features of organisms, such as the genetic system, that are not directly involved in the determination of fitness. Recent work has shown that a general "reduction principle" holds in models of selectively neutral modifiers of recombination, mutation, and migration. Here we present a framework for models of modifier genes that shows these...