new millennium began when half of world population is living in the cities. predictions represent that the proportion of citizenship will reach to 65 percent by 2050. one the phenomena affected by living in the cities is citizenship. citizenship phenomenon is one of the phenomena that in in the era of social political evolution in the world have received much attention. presentation of theories...

OBJECTIVE Examine the effectiveness of a robbery and violence prevention program in small businesses in Los Angeles. METHODS Gas/convenience, liquor and grocery stores, bars/restaurants, and motels were enrolled between 1997 and 2000. Intervention businesses (n = 305) were provided training, program implementation materials, and recommendations for a comprehensive security program. Control bu...

This study examines all bank robberies, completed and attempted, reported to the U.K.'s Metropolitan Police in the years 19921994. It shows the rate of repetition against the same branches to be high, with each robbed branch suffering an average of 1.54 robberies, and the most robbed branch suffering six. Repeat robberies follow the success of earlier robberies, with the probability of repetiti...

In this paper we introduce the deliberating robber , an example of reasoning about preferences in a logic of desires. We show that two defeasible reasoning schemes proposed in qualitative decision theory derive counterintuitive consequences.

This study examines bank robberies across the fifty states and the District of Columbia for the decade of the 1990s. It was determined that bank robberies are positively associated with the ratio of police officers to population, and the unemployment rate. Bank robberies are also negatively associated with the poverty rates across states and over time. It was hypothesized that bank robberies we...

While age is one of the most important correlates of an individual's risk of violent victimization, research regarding the victimization of adolescents is relatively meager. Using two well-known national data sources and an analytical framework guided by lifestyle/routine activities theories, we describe the relationships between activity involvement and the risk of assault and robbery victimiz...

But for Byron Mitchell, a quiet, husky, bespectacled bear of a man in his mid-fifties, the proceedings were anything but academic. Mitchell was on trial for allegedly driving the getaway car in the 1991 robbery of an armored vehicle. No one had been hurt, but Mitchell, facing a conviction for armed robbery, was looking at spending most of the rest of his life in prison. The forensic evidence th...