in this research, energetic andexergetic analysis of calcium oxide formation, co2 emissions, andenvironmental effects during the clinker production process in rotary kilnare investigated. first the energy and exergy analysis of rotary kiln were carried out according to the first and second law of thermodynamics based on dead state, respectively. consequently, the amount of co2 emissions associa...

As pyrometallurgical technologies to smelt nickel metal from the oxide ore, melting reduction process using an electric furnace (Elkem) and semi-melting a rotary kiln (Krupp-Renn) with saprolite ore as raw material have been established operated commercially. However, in future, it is expected that will be difficult because of decline grade necessary develop new adaptable lower processing ore.