Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) is an effect whereby a classically conditioned stimulus (CS) enhances ongoing instrumental responding. PIT has been extensively studied with appetitive conditioning but barely at all with aversive conditioning. Although it's been argued that conditioned suppression is a form of aversive PIT, this effect is fundamentally different from appetitive PIT beca...

AIM The sacral canal has been frequently used as "a passage" for minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for spinal diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate morphometric analyses of the sacral canal, hiatus, and surrounding structures according to different age groups and gender by using the "multidetector computed tomography" method. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mul...

STUDY DESIGN Prospective study OBJECTIVE.: The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in the sacral hiatus based on ultrasonographic images. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Caudal epidural injection is commonly used for the treatment of lower back pain, but blind injections commonly lead to mistakes made at the injection site due to anatomic variations in the sacral hiatus. METHODS A total...

MRI plays a significant role in modern forensic anthropology to solve certain queries of legal / public concern. The objective of our study was to determine the sexual dimorphism of the first sacral vertebra (S1) in south Indian adults and to compare the differences in sacrum measurement of south India with literature. MRI of lumbo-sacral region was performed on 25 male and 25 female patients w...

theoretical review of ‘mining pit lakes’ indicates that like natural lakes such lakes display a huge diversity. they are typically in a non-equilibrium state with respect to their surroundings. hence, at the decommissioning phase of mining operation a detailed technical study are required on different aspects of such created water bodies considering its morphometry, geology, hydrology, water qu...

We present an interesting case of sacral perineural cyst which caused chronic perineal pain. Perineural cyst is relatively rare, especially the sacral region. Chronic perineural pain is an often encountered problem that is difficult to evaluate and sacral perineural cyst may be the etiology of chronic perineal pain in many instances.

A fetus with severe sacral agenesis and intrauterine growth retardation, ascertained at prenatal diagnosis, was found to be carrying an unbalanced form of a paternal balanced reciprocal translocation (7;19)(q36.1;q13.43), resulting in functional monosomy for 7q36.1-->qter. Necropsy confirmed that the fetus had isolated sacral agenesis type II. A critical region for autosomal dominant sacral age...

PURPOSE Conservative therapy and antimuscarinic agents are first line therapies for overactive bladder. Patients refractory to treatment are candidates for neuromodulation therapy. We estimated the costs and cost-effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and sacral nerve stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Markov model was constructed to simulate the total costs and effectivenes...

PiT-1 protein is a transmembrane sodium-dependent phosphate (Pi) transporter. PiT-1 knock out (KO) embryos die from largely unknown causes by embryonic day (E) 12.5. We tested the hypothesis that PiT-1 is required for endocytosis in the embryonic yolk sac (YS) visceral endoderm (VE). Here we present data supporting that PiT-1 KO results in a YS remodeling defect and decreased endocytosis in the...

PURPOSE To report results of sacral decompression and lumbopelvic fixation in neurologically impaired patients with highly displaced, comminuted sacral fracture-dislocations resulting in spino-pelvic dissociation. DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. SETTING Regional level one trauma center. PATIENTS Nineteen patients with highly displaced, comminuted, irreducible Roy-Camille type 2-4 sac...