Partner sanction in this study is a form/tactic of violence, much like verbal and physical violence, which partners use toward each other during their conflicts. The partner sanction embodies a temporary deprivation of a mutually agreed-on right. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical and operational framework of sanctions partners use. The study sampled 74 heterosexual couples f...

Popular press accounts and the political-economics literature link awarding 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to a Chinese dissident China's trade sanction on Norway's whole, fresh/chilled salmon exports. Norway lost its dominant supplier share of market as total exports China decreased. Then, in 2011, Vietnam dramatically increased imports Norwegian salmon. A structural break divides data series into two...

In this article, the authors examine workforce issues in nursing. From their discussion, they recommend that qualified nurses should sanction the further training of support workers to enable them to spend more time in direct patient care.

unenforceability (inopposabilité) is a double sanction. because this sanction combines in the same time “validity” and “nullity”, validity between the parties and nullity to third parties. our law obtains this sanction from french law. thus for an exact study, referring to original law is inevitable. in iranian law there are sporadic instances of unenforceability. but sometimes unenforceability...

I develop a model with endogenous gun ownership and study the interaction between the demands for guns by heterogeneous potential offenders and victims. I show that the interaction depends on pervasiveness of guns, injury probabilities and, in particular, the impact of the gun on the probability of success against armed relative to unarmed adversaries. While the sanction on armed offense is max...

Norm Enforcement in Social Dilemmas: An Experiment with Police Commissioners Do individuals trained in law enforcement punish or reward differently from typical student subjects? We analyze norm enforcement behavior of newly appointed police commissioners in both a Voluntary Contribution Mechanism game and a Common Pool Resource game. Our experimental design includes treatments where a reward o...

Legislators in many countries enact security breach notification regulation to address a lack of information security. The laws designate authorities to collect breach reports and advise firms. We devise a principal–agent model to analyze the economic effect of mandatory security breach reporting to authorities. The model assumes that firms (agents) have few incentives to unilaterally report br...

Several explanations have been proposed in order to explain why, in public goods games, cooperation does not collapse. In these games free-riders enjoy the benefits of other individuals who contribute in benefit of a community. In the present work we address a public goods game where individuals have the choice between contributing to a sanctioning institution and to a sanction-free one. In the...

the civil sanction is one of the most important sanctions for protecting copyright. in french law a special action named counterfeit action is predicted, which not only compensate the damages but also it has a preventive effect. this action doesn't require the proving of the fault and the lawsuit can be done by the author and the person who is awareded the exclusive licence. in this legal ...