Humans are increasingly acknowledged as apex predators that shape landscapes of fear to which herbivores adapt their behaviour. Here, we investigate how humans modify deer space-use and effects on vegetation at two spatial scales; zones with different types human use (largescale risk factor) and, nested within that, trails (fine-scale factor). In three contrasting activities: 1) no recreation, ...

in Eastern and Central Nepal. Despite the current situation of the Mikania invasion, quantitative data on the impacts and scale of the problems are lacking for the country. Due to the lack of information regarding scale of invasion, the stakeholders have not put forwarded the proper control mechanism of the species. This paper has made an attempt to analyze the scale of invasion through the com...

Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.) is one of the most common tree species in boreal forest. However, there limited information on major disturbance agents, eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck; EDM) a native, parasitic plant that influences stand development especially at southwestern range limit black Minnesota. The goal our study was to quantify ove...

This study was conducted in Shelekomedihanialem state forest Fogera district, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to identify the floristic composition, vegetation structure,diversity and regeneration status of woody plant species. Systematic sampling method used collect data from 5 transect lines 200m far apart 50(20m x20m) quadrates at distance 100m. To for seedling sapling, five 1m x sub-plots were...

First, Hume notes that we have a strong inclination to call something the “same” even when it is radically different. For instance, remove a chunk of matter from some object and we call it the same. A mature oak tree is said to be the “same” as the sapling. A fat adult is said to be the “same” as the tiny infant. So strong is this inclination that philosophers have attempted to explain identity...