The performances of solar cells and thermoelectricmaterials are governed by thermodynamics. The material properties of these have temperature dependence due to thermal expansions of lattices and an effect of electron–phonon coupling etc. The temperature-dependent energy levels has been included in statisticalmechanics, naturally requiring a rectification of the second law of thermodynamics with...

Performance criteria, such as efficiencies and coefficients of performance, for energy systems, are commonly used but often without sufficient understanding and consistence. The situation becomes particularly incoherent when simultaneous energy interactions of different types, such as work, heating and cooling, take place with a system. Also, the distinction between exergy and Second Law effici...

The notion of density of a finite set is introduced. We prove a general theorem of set theory which refines the Gibbs, Bose–Einstein, and Pareto distributions as well as the Zipf law.

One of the most powerful laws in physics is second law thermodynamics, which states that entropy any system remains constant or increases over time. In fact, applicable to evolution entire universe and Clausius stated, “The tends a maximum.” Here, we examine time information systems, defined as physical systems containing within Shannon’s theory framework. Our observations allow introduction dy...