Gonadal steroids have remarkable developmental effects on sex-dependent brain organization and behavior in animals. Presumably, fetal or neonatal gonadal steroids are also responsible for sexual differentiation of the human brain. A limbic structure of special interest in this regard is the sexually dimorphic central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), because its siz...

Biological bases for sexual differences in the brain exist in a wide range of vertebrate species, including chickens. Recently, the dogma of hormonal dependence for the sexual differentiation of the brain has been challenged. We examined whether sexually dimorphic gene expression in the brain precedes gonadal differentiation. Using the Affymetrix GeneChip Chicken Genome Array, we identified 42 ...

Sex differences in brain function underlie robust differences between males and females in both normal and disease states. Although alternative mechanisms exist, sexual differentiation of the male mammalian brain is initiated predominantly by testosterone secreted by the testes during the perinatal period. Despite considerable advances in understanding how testosterone and its metabolite estrad...

Sexual differentiation is a highly regulated process in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is triggered by nutrient depletion, mainly nitrogen source. One of the key regulatory proteins in fission yeast sexual differentiation is the transcription factor Ste11. Ste11 regulates the transcription of many genes required for the initial steps of conjugation and meiosis, and its deficien...

Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase controls cell metabolism and growth in response to environmental cues such as nutrients, growth factors, and stress. TOR kinase is widely conserved across eukaryotes. As in other organisms, the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two types of TOR complex, namely TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. It is interesting that the two TOR complexes in S. pombe hav...

Sex differentiation of gonads in amphibians is believed to be controlled genetically, but altered epigenetically or environmentally. When larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus were reared at defined temperatures from hatching to metamorphic stages, a high temperature (28 degrees C) induced exclusively female gonads (ovaries), whereas intermediate (20 and 23 degrees C) or lower (16 degree...

Although it has been known for some time that estrogen exerts a profound influence on brain development a definitive demonstration of the role of the classical estrogen receptor (ERa) in sexual differentiation has remained elusive. In the present study we used a sexually dimorphic population of dopaminergic neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (AVPV) to test ...

The article analyzes the categories and classifications of social inequality by asking which linguistic possibilities are available for developing concepts inequality. builds on Koselleck’s three kinds differentiation: above below, inner outer, earlier later. It examines how these used in demonstrates processes shifting from one kind differentiation to another. In conclusion, I claim that reach...

Sexual differentiation of dopaminergic neurons was studied in gender-specific cultures. Dissociated cell cultures were prepared from di- or mesencephalon of gestational day 14 rat embryos and raised in the absence or presence of 17 beta-estradiol or testosterone for up to 13 days in vitro (DIV). Developmental profiles of levels of dopamine (DA) and metabolites as well as capacity for vesicular ...

Sexual dimorphism is one of the most notable sources phenotypic variation in animals. The expression sexual traits varies widely for many species insects. In this study, we analyzed size and shape pronotum Turkish endemic species, Dorcadion micans J. Thomson, 1867 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Our results have showed that there statistically significant pronotum. Males a longer sharper with small...