in this paper, the ambiguity of nite state irreducible markov chain trajectories is reminded and is obtained for two state markov chain. i give an applicable example of this concept in president election

We introduce an extension of the notion of Shannon conditional entropy to a more general form of conditional entropy that captures both the conditional Shannon entropy and a similar notion related to the Gini index. The proposed family of conditional entropies generates a collection of metrics over the set of partitions of finite sets, which can be used to construct decision trees. Experimental...

We introduce an extension of the notion of Shannon conditional entropy to a more general form of conditional entropy that captures both the conditional Shannon entropy and a similar notion related to the Gini index. The proposed family of conditional entropies generates a collection of metrics over the set of partitions of finite sets, which can be used to construct decision trees. Experimental...

Global climate change has led to more frequent and severe droughts, which can negatively affect instream invertebrate communities, but we lack a perspective on the global patterns drivers of such drought effects. Here, using meta-analysis, synthesized 997 paired observations extracted from 94 peer-reviewed publications assess how affects biomass, density, taxonomic richness, diversity (Shannon–...

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the water quality of Çoruh Basin using BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) index, ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon) Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, EPT (Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera taxa), EP taxa) index scores and benthic macroinvertebrates. The macroinvertebrates were collected from 54 stations at basin between 2014-2016 years. Standard hand...