The aim of the study was to analyze scientific views on definition liner shipping at various stages its development. For this, literary sources for more than a hundred years research this issue were analyzed. analysis emphasizes lack systemic studies and approach concept in question. As result study, development are presented main characteristic features given, boundaries established. resulting...

A global three-dimensional Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the European regional acid deposition and ozone air quality impacts along the Atlantic Ocean seaboard of Europe, from the SO2, NOx, VOCs and CO emissions from international shipping under conditions appropriate to the year 2000. Model-derived total sulfur deposition from international shipping reaches ov...

Despite the innovative trends in marine technology and the implementation of safety-related regulations, shipping accidents are still a leading concern for global maritime interests. Ensuring the consistency of shipping accident investigation reports is recognized as a significant goal in order to clearly identify the root causes of these accidents. Hence, the goal of this paper is to generate ...

In the late 1980s, grain-hauling railroads began offering alternatives that have made shipping decisions more strategic. Shippers now confront alternatives ranging from nearby and unguaranteed ordering to various durations of forward and guaranteed shipment. Each has varying penalties for cancellation and payments from the railroad for nonperformance, and differing risks and payoffs. Because of...

Black carbon is the second largest contributor to human-induced climate warming, after carbon dioxide. International shipping is a major source of diesel black carbon emissions and not yet subject to international regulation. This paper investigates the contribution of black carbon from shipping to the global diesel black carbon inventory, by cross comparing results from a number of studies. Wh...

Taking into account increasing volumes of the international seaborne trade, liner shipping companies have to ensure efficiency of their operations in order to remain competitive. The bunker consumption cost constitutes a substantial portion of the total vessel operating cost and directly affects revenues of liner shipping companies. “Slow steaming” became a common strategy among ocean carriers ...

INTRODUCTION There are numerous diverse papers that have addressed issues within maritime safety; to date there has been no comprehensive review of this literature to aggregate the causal factors within accidents in shipping and surmise current knowledge. METHODS This paper reviewed the literature on safety in three key areas: common themes of accidents, the influence of human error, and inte...

Species can sometimes spread significant distances beyond their natural dispersal ability by anthropogenic means. International shipping routes and the transport of shipping containers, in particular are a commonly recognised pathway for the introduction of invasive species. Species can gain access to a shipping container and remain inside, hidden and undetected for long periods. Currently, gov...

When a make-to-order manufacturing company adopts a commit-to-delivery business mode, it commits a delivery due date for an order and is responsible for the shipping cost. Without loss of generality, we consider that transportation is done by a third party logistics company such as FedEx or UPS, which provides multiple shipping modes such as overnight, one-day, two-day delivery, and more. When ...