Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) generally grows as clones in which stems, ranging from many thousands to only a few, are interconnected by a common root system. When clones are very large, in one recorded case involving about 47␣ 000 stems joined together over a 43 ha area, aspen becomes a candidate for earth’s most massive and oldest organism. Recent analyses suggest that aspen cl...

Background: South America has the largest area of temperate forests in Southern Hemisphere, which grow diverse site conditions. The aim this paper is to review practices silviculture applied and recommended for these forests, discuss prospects develop new silvicultural proposals improve sustainability, adaptation in-situ conservation forest ecosystems. Methods: We reviewed knowledge four major ...