Since the advent of evolution strategies many attempts have been done to improve the mutation operator [7]. The first enhancement could be seen in the introduction of a flexible step size. As a logical consequence later n step sizes, one per variable, were used. Highest flexibility is achieved with the correlated mutation but also quadratic growth of the number of strategy parameters [8]. A new...

In order to reduce the risk of complete failure, research managers often adopt a parallel strategy by simultaneously funding several R&D activities and several research teams within each activity. The parallel strategy requires the allocation of an available budget to a number of R&D activities, the determination of the number of research teams within each activity and the amount of funding the...

The Besley-Coate model of representative democracy has the problem of multiple equilibria (Besley-Coate, 1997). We show that requiring the Besley-Coate political equilibria to be iteratively undominated at the voting stage re nes the set of (pure strategy) political equilibrium outcomes only for those cases where at least four candidates stand for election. This note complements the results of ...

1. Parasites can affect host fitness, provoke host responses, and thereby mediate host life history evolution. As life history strategies are often sex-specific, immunological or behavioural responses of the host aiming to reduce the impact of parasites may be sexually dimorphic, e.g. as a consequence of sex differences in the resource allocation tradeoff between parasite defence, morphological...