Simplified models relating pitch and roll angle measurements of a roving vehicle to terrain slope and vehicle attitude were developed. The simplified models are based on previously published models by Rowe and Spencer [1] and Yang et al. [2]. These simplified models are easier to implement using microcontroller technology reducing the number of trigonometric function calculations, improving pro...

*Correspondence: Kazuo Isobe, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan e-mail: akisobe@ mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp Topography affects the soil physicochemistry, soil N dynamics, and plant distribution and growth in forests. In Japan, many forests are found in mountainous area...

cients. Normalizing to a unit plot of length 22.13 m, both the USLE and RUSLE use the equation Empirical soil erosion models continue to play an important role in soil conservation planning and environmental evaluations around L 5 (l/22.13) [2] the world. The effect of hillslope length on soil loss, often termed the where L is soil loss normalized to the 22.13-m-long slope length factor, is one...

the present study was conducted in the rangeland of glandrood watershed in the province of mazandaran. the objective of this study was to compare between the ecological amplitude of festuca ovina l., and poa bulbosa l., using the function hof along the gradient of the environmental variables. for this purpose 150 plots of 1m2 were established along the altitude gradient. the sampling method was...

slope instability due to landslides is particularly common in iran. it is possible to fight against these hazards thanks to the roots of trees, which provide an important contribu-tion towards the stability of hillslopes. however, our knowledge of the effectiveness of roots for slope stability needs improvement. therefore this study was carried out on the effect of tree roots on slope stability...

Is the Child Health / Family Income Gradient Universal? Evidence from England In an influential study Case et al. (2002) documented a positive relationship between family income and child health in the US, with the slope of the gradient being larger for older than younger children. In this paper we explore the child health income gradient in England, which has a comprehensive publicly-funded Na...

New a posteriori error indicators based on edgewise slope-limiting are presented. The L2-norm is employed to measure the error of the solution gradient in both global and element sense. A second order Newton-Cotes formula is utilized in order to decompose the local gradient error from a P1-finite element solution into a sum of edge contributions. The gradient values at edge midpoints are interp...

Many topographic characteristics of the landscape (e.g. relief, slope, aspect, gradient, slope curvature, slope length and contour curvature) play important roles in the distribution of vegetation and biodiversity (e.g. Merriam, 1890, 1894; Whittaker & Niering, 1965, 1968; Vuilleumier, 1970; Brown, 1971, 1978; Hastings et al., 1972; Simpson, 1975; Hanawalt & Whittaker, 1976; Whittaker, 1977; Be...