In the current engineering practices, buildings are commonly designed for an effective lifetime of 50 years. This lifetime can increase the cost of buildings with short lifetimes and can reduce the safety level of buildings with large lifetimes. In this paper, a “service-life factor” has been defined. Applying this factor into the nominal values of live, earthquake, wind, and snow loads, the ef...

Gliding friction depends on the contact area between ski and snow. Therefore, we computed of a single grain with base by solving static problem. The calculations were done at randomly selected positions two bases, various snow radii, loadings. relative was 0.03–6.0% grain’s cross section. Contact pressure increased decreasing radius increasing load. exceeds strength ice, presumably causing frac...

[1] Observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Pacific Northwest are examined and compared with variability and trends in temperature and precipitation at nearby climate stations. At most locations, especially below about 1800 m, substantial declines in SWE coincide with significant increases in temperature, and occur in spite of increases in precipitation.

in the present study storms of the economic, political, and human dimensions of space (with the help of satellite imagery (modis, after a time, and the destructive power of hurricanes, including discussions of the factors influencing the formation dynamics, thermodynamics and environmental issues, snow storm 2005 investigated. for a more detailed analysis of synoptic snow storm of guilan, rasht...

a considerable part of precipitation falls in the form of snow in golestan watershed. in turn, snowmelt plays a significant role in surface runoff, groundwater feeding and flood propagation in this area. snow cover area (sca) as an indicator of stored water can be implemented for temporal and spatial monitoring of snowmelt in the hydrological models. to monitor spatial and temporal variation of...

The spatial variability of snow stability presents a challenge to avalanche workers and scientists attempting to assess avalanche danger. Recent research has demonstrated, and attempted to explain, snowpack and snow stability variations over individual slopes. However, these studies have provided single snapshots of an exceedingly dynamic system instead of investigating stability variations ove...