Airborne and satellite remote sensing is the only practical approach for deriving a wide area, regional assessment of glacier mass balance. A number of remote sensing approaches are possible for inferring the mass balance from some sort of proxy estimate. Here, we review the key methods relevant, in particular to Andean glaciers, discussing their strengths and weaknesses, and data sets that cou...

Snow cover is an important water resource in arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia, related to agricultural livestock production, ecosystems, socio-economic development. The snowline altitude (SLA) a significant indicator for monitoring the changes snow mountainous under changing climate. Here, we investigate spatiotemporal variation SLA Tienshan Mountains (TS) during 2001–2019 using Moder...

Rainfall at the Greenland ice sheet Summit 14 August 2021, was delivered by an atmospheric river (AR). Extreme surface ablation expanded all-Greenland bare area to near-record-high with snowline climbing up 788 ± 90 m. Ice wet snow extent reached 46%, a record high for 15–31 AMSR data since 2003. Heat-driven firn deflation averaged 0.14 0.05 m four accumulation automatic weather stations (AWSs)...

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) are a recurring hazard in the Himalayas, posing significant threat to downstream communities. The North Sikkim district of India, comprising upper reaches Teesta River Eastern has experienced past GLOF events. identification lakes susceptible this phenomenon is therefore paramount. Using multi-temporal satellite images, study tracks lake growth region, revea...

Sulphur is one of the most abundant elements in Universe and plays a crucial role biological systems. However, sulphuretted molecules ISM are not as expected there no clear answer where missing yet. To shed light onto this open question, we focus our attention on chemistry H 2 S, thought to be an important reservoir formed mainly by grain-phase reactions. understand formation growth ices, chemi...