One of the most important issue in soft tissue modeling is to assess the quality of the simulations. A validation protocol is presented based on two CT scans of the patient acquired before and after craniomaxillofacial surgery. The actual bone repositioning realized during the intervention are accurately measured and reproduced. An evaluation of the soft tissue deformation is then computed usin...

Biomechanical properties of soft tissue, such as liver, are important in modeling computer aided surgical procedures. Experimental evidences show that liver tissue is transversely isotropic. In this article, considering the liver tissue as an incompressible fiber-reinforced composite with one family of fibers, an exponential strain energy function (SEF) is proposed. The proposed SEF is based on...

Soft tissue prediction is an important additional criterion in surgical planning. Especially in craniofacial surgery the realistic prediction of a patient’s postoperative appearance is of utmost importance. A physically based modeling approach seems to be most suitable for the achievement of realistic results. Howevei; the properties of biological structures are highly complex and scarcely inve...

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background: this was a retrospective cephalometric study to develop a more precise estimation of soft tissue changes related to underlying tooth movment than simple relatioship betweenhard and soft tissues. materials and methods: the lateral cephalograms of 61 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment (31 = premolar extraction, 31 = nonextraction) were obtained, scanned and digitized befo...

Introduction A Virtual Reality (VR)-based medical simulation requires accurate organ geometry, fast computation algorithms, and mechanical properties of the soft tissue. However, the material properties’ characterization has not been sufficiently investigated due to the difficulty of testing and modeling the complexities of nonlinearity and time dependency of the soft tissue. Several research g...

This article describes a method for fabricating an auricular prosthesis. This procedure uses the contours of the soft tissue surface from computerized tomography scans to fabricate a computer-generated, side-inverted 3-dimensional soft tissue model from a solid block of polyurethane using an Endoplan milling machine. The resultant 3-dimensional soft tissue model can then be used as the basis fo...

We describe the implementation details of a real-time surgical simulation system with soft-tissue modeling and multi-user, multi-instrument, networked haptics. The simulator is cross-platform and runs on various Unix and Windows platforms. It is written in C++ with OpenGL for graphics; GLUT, GLUI, and MUI for user interface; and supports parallel processing. It allows for the relatively easy in...