objective: spermatogonial stem cells (sscs) are the only cell type that can restore fertility to an infertile recipient following transplantation. much effort has been made to develop a protocol for differentiating isolated sscs in vitro. recently, three-dimensional (3d) culture system has been introduced as an appropriate microenvironment for clonal expansion and differentiation of sscs. this ...

The traits particularly important for milk production include milk yield, protein percentage, fat percentage, and the somatic cell score. Alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) is an important whey protein of cow milk, and is also present in the milk of many other mammalian species. In this study, we analyzed the genetic polymorphisms of the α-LA gene and their relationship to milk production traits (milk yi...