due to deep, complex and everlasting interaction between precipitation and climatic elements-factors, there are changes and varieties in both time and space dimensions. so that climate experts and related scientists take their attentions to this phenomenon. an approach to do this kind of investigations is to describe spatial variations based on spatial statistics. in this paper the main object ...

The discipline of mathematics is characterized by a small, fundamental set of operators which, when taken in concert, support complex manipulations and analyses. In a similar sense, higher levels of spatial applications programming are founded upon a fundamental set of spatial operators. The tendency to focus upon geometric elements and operators based upon the dimensionality of space is perhap...

This article dealswith amethod used to describe andmanage spatial knowledge. Each spatial datum is considered as an information element, whose location and value are independently described. The method proposed uses the information elements to infer the value of any request zone. Data can be either qualitative or quantitative. Our approach is based on a fuzzy granulation of available items of i...

Spatial data can refer to elements that help place a certain object in a certain area. These elements are latitude, longitude, points, geometric figures represented by points, etc. However, when translating these elements into data that can be stored in a computer, it all comes down to numbers. The interesting part that requires attention is how to memorize them in order to obtain fast and vari...

lichen species (hypogymnia physodes and evernia prunastri) were used for biomonitoring thepossible air pollution with heavy metals in the vicinity of copper mine in the eastern part of the republic ofmacedonia. the contents of 18 elements were analysed by icp-aes and etaas techniques. for dataprocessing basic statistical methods and multivariate exploratory (factor and cluster analysis) techniq...

Computational representation of spatial qualities can lead us to a better understanding of how we construct spatial concepts. Analyses of spatial qualities can support architects in reasoning about the form of a configuration, helping them predict the consequences of a design. In this paper we present three definitions (enclosure, viewfield, continuity) that describe experiential qualities of a...

in order to better understand the extent of soil pollution by heavy metals and its effect on ecosystem, spatial information on ecological impacts of heavy metals would be necessary. therefore, in the present study, the spatial pattern of ecological risk of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, nickel and zinc) have been identified in surface soils of golestan province. to this end, over 346 surf...

In order to understand the nature of the mechanisms responsible for global shape detection, we measured coherence thresholds in a 2IFC task where subjects judged which of two arrays of Gabors contained global circular structure. The stimulus was composed of an array of oriented Gabor patches positioned on a polar grid. Thresholds were obtained for different array parameters (e.g. different area...