The medicinal significance of Ephedra is based on the sympathomimetic properties of ephedrine (E) alkaloids. Pharmacological effects depend on the phytocomposition of individual Ephedra species. The aim of this study was to measure the total alkaloids content (TAC), total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TFC) and determine their relationship in dry herb of Ephedra major, E...

The species composition of plankton, insect and annual plant communities may vary markedly from year to year. Such interannual variability is usually thought to be driven by year-to-year variation in weather conditions. Here we examine an alternative explanation. We studied the effects of regular seasonal forcing on a multi-species predator-prey model consisting of phytoplankton and zooplankton...

In this paper, we introduce a new operation on the species, the exponential composition of species, which is constructed based on the arithmetic product and the quotient species, and get a functional equation expressing the species of connected graphs as the exponential composition of the species of prime graphs with respect to the Cartesian multiplication.

We enumerate prime graphs with respect to the Cartesian multiplication of graphs by expressing the species of connected graphs as the exponential composition of the species of prime graphs, where the exponential composition of species is constructed based on the arithmetic product of species of Maia and Méndez and the quotient species.

Studies of species distributions on elevational gradients are essential to understand principles of community organisation as well as to conserve species in montane regions. This study examined the patterns of species richness, abundance, composition, range sizes, and distribution of rainforest birds at 14 sites along an elevational gradient (500-1400 m) in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserv...

--This paper presents the lipid, nonlipid dry matter, and water contents of the eggs of the Starling, Coturnix Quail, Mourning Dove, Laughing Gull, and Mallard and compares the data with published accounts of the eggs of other species. The lipid level of the yolk and the percentage of yolk in the egg increase in direct relation to the precocity of the young at hatching. The high lil•id content ...

Biological monitoring of aquatic biota is used to assess the impact of changes in the ∗We are grateful to Melissa Hughes of EPA Delaware and Tony Olsen of EPA Corvallis for making these data available to us, and to Wendy Meiring for a careful reading of the paper and many valuable suggestions. This research had partial support from the United States Environmental Protection Agency under a coope...