We extracted the di erences between spoken language and written language from a spoken-language corpus and a writtenlanguage corpus by using the UNIX command \di " and examined the di erences to determine the construction of the grammars of the two corpora. We also transformed written-language sentences into spoken-language sentences by using rules based on the extracted di erences.

In this paper, the requirements on semantic representations in spoken dialogue systems are discussed. It is argued that spoken dialogue needs a special treatment when it comes to natural language processing, since the phenomena that occur in spoken language are not the same as those that occur in written language. These special properties of spoken language are outlined and the different aspect...

Spoken language interfaces can provide natural communication for many database retrieval tasks. The CMU ATIS system provides an example of accessing airline information using spoken natural language queries. However, a lot of training data is needed to develop a spoken language application. For example, we need training data to generate a language model that can be used by the recognizer to red...

Speech is the most natural means of communication among humans. It is also believed that spoken language processing will play a major role in establishing a universal interface between humans and machines. Most of the existing spoken language systems are rather primitive. For example, speech synthesizers for reading unrestrict text of any language is only producing machine-sounding speech. Auto...

Despite the efficiency with which language users typically process spoken language, a growing body of research finds substantial individual differences in both the speed and accuracy of spoken language processing potentially attributable to participants' literacy skills. Against this background, the current study took a look at the role of word reading skill in listeners' anticipation of upcomi...

In this article, we present and evaluate a method for training a statistical partof-speech tagger on data from written language and then adapting it to the requirements of tagging a corpus of transcribed spoken language, in our case spoken Swedish. This is currently a significant problem for many research groups working with spoken language, since the availability of tagged training data from s...

Childhood hearing loss presents challenges to language development, especially spoken language. In this article, we review existing literature on deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children's patterns and trajectories of language as well as development of theory of mind and literacy. Individual trajectories vary significantly, reflecting access to early identification/intervention, advanced technol...

Computer Supported Telecommunication Applications (CSTA) is a widely adopted ECMA/ISO standard suite for global and enterprise communications. As it becomes evident that spoken language systems are playing an ever important role in telecommunications, CSTA has been revised to include a specification on spoken language interfaces so as to promote the interoperability and adoption of spoken langu...

In order to realize their full potential, multimodal interfaces need to support not just input from multiple modes, but single commands optimally distributed across the available input modes. A multimodal language processing architecture is needed to integrate semantic content from the different modes. Johnston 1998a proposes a modular approach to multimodal language processing in which spoken ...