Sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted from the axial signaling centers of the notochord and prechordal plate functions as a morphogen in dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. Active Shh is uniquely cholesterol-modified and the hydrophobic nature of cholesterol suggests that it might regulate Shh spreading in the neural tube. Here, we examined the capacity of Shh lacking the cholesterol moiety (Sh...

We analyzed bathymetric and gravity anomalies along present and paleoaxes of oceanic spreading centers influenced by the Iceland, Azores, Galápagos, Tristan, and Easter hotspots. Residual bathymetry (up to 4.7 km) and mantle Bouguer gravity (up to2340 km) anomalies are maximum at on-axis hotspots and decrease with increasing ridge-hotspot separation distance (D), until becoming insignificant at...

In rats, some parvocellular paraventricular neurons project to spinal autonomic centers. Using the virus tracing technique, we have demonstrated that magnocellular neurons, but not supraoptic also preganglionic centers of mammary gland, gingiva, or lip. A part these has shown oxytocin immunoreactivity. present experiment, examined whether same neuron sends fibers retina eye projects posterior p...

We present the first internally consistent calculation which leads to a narrow 'conduit' of rapid vertical advection and melting of mantle under a spreading center. In this model, mantle flow is driven by plate separation and compositional buoyancy. Melt segregation is described as flow through a permeable media. The major new feature is that the viscosity of the mantle is considered to be a st...

Although there has been a great deal of research on automatic summarization, most methods are based on a statistical approach, disregarding relationships between extracted textual segments. To ensure sentence connectivity, we propose a novel method to extract a set of comprehensible sentences that centers on several key points. This method generates a similarity network from documents with a le...

We investigate growth of the excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in chaotic, time-varying flows. In slow flows, reacted regions tend to lie near vortex edges, whereas fast flows restrict reacted regions to vortex cores. We show that reacted regions travel toward vortex centers faster as flow speed increases, but nonreactive scalars do not. For either slow or fast flows, reaction is promoted...