In this update to the previous year's study, the authors examine statutes that regulate, license, and enforce investigative functions in each US state. After identification and review of Private Investigator licensing requirements, the authors find that very few state statutes explicitly differentiate between Private Investigators and Digital Examiners. After contacting all state agencies the a...

There is a longstanding body of literature that describes how states' civil commitment statutes have been stretched or circumvented to accommodate institutional and systemic needs. The paper by Levitt and colleagues provides yet another example of this phenomenon: Arizona's use of its civil commitment statutes to detain unrestorable, incompetent criminal defendants for whom other provisions hav...

Physician entrepreneurship is on the rise; and investment by physicians in startup device companies is one manifestation of it. At the same time, there is increasing concern about potential conflicts of interest in physician business interests, given their fiduciary responsibility to their patients. There are multiple forms such investment can take. The Stark and anti-kickback statutes are rele...