Historically, chemistry educators have tried to render chemical structures and processes more visible through the use of vivid, albeit excessively simple, visual metaphors such as the solar system serving as a model of the structure of an atom. While marginally useful in early stages of learning, such metaphors eventually interfere with students obtaining a deeper understanding of chemical conc...

The concept of chemical bonding is a crucial one in chemistry that occurs throughout the school curriculum and forms basis many topics chemistry. Furthermore, learning about allows learner to make predictions provide explanations regarding physical properties substances. However, has been cited as most difficult concepts for secondary higher education students understand, therefore, teachers ca...

The relationship between dissociation and some of its potential correlates and antecedents was explored. Young medical students (N = 276) completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Munich Personality Test (MPT). The findings indicate that both personality characteristics (such as alexithymia and neurotici...

The concept of resilience is reviewed from a range of disciplinary perspectives in this paper. Both broad and narrow definitions of resilience are highlighted and a working definition of resilience is proposed to inform research, policy and practice. Different psychological, social and ecological protective factors, particularly competence, optimism, and bonding to family and cultural beliefs a...

Objective: Early year experiences with parents play an important role in the development of personality of individuals. In this regard, the present study aimed at assessing the relationship between parental bonding and type and severity of psychopathology in young adults.  Methods: A total of 361 students (205 boys and 156 girls) of Tabriz University were selected by cluster sampling me...

statement of problem: following the increasing use of composites in restoring anterior and posterior teeth, problems due to its technique sensitivity have become a major concern. one of these problems is the possibility of contamination of dentin with saliva, blood and/or gingival fluid in different stages of bonding procedure, even with application of different methods of isolation. however, b...