Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from bioenergy crops may differ from those of conventional crops. We compared emission rates of isoprene and a number of monoterpenes from the lignocellulosic bioenergy crops short-rotation coppice (SRC) willow and Miscanthus, with the conventional crops wheat and oilseed rape. BVOC emission rates were measured via dynamic vegetation enclosur...

Willow (Salix spp.) and associated riparian shrub communities provide habitat to a wide variety of wildlife species. Because of high between-observer variability and a lack of standardized protocols, ground-based monitoring of willow abundance has proven difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate variability associated with collection and analysis of field data for a photo-based mon...

Black willow ( Salix nigra ) uses periodic flood events for dispersal of vegetative propagules, subjecting them to periods of soaking before their deposition along the streambank. It was hypothesized that this life history trait results in optimal conditions for willow growth and survival. To test this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using 1.2-m-long black willow cuttings (pos...

A novel constructed wetland system has been developed to treat sewage, evaporate water and recycle nutrients from single households at sites where effluent standards are stringent and soil infiltration is not possible. Main attributes of the willow wastewater cleaning facilities are that the systems have zero discharge, the willows evapotranspire the water, and nutrients can be recycled via the...

substantive issue with the paper is the low sample sizes. For example why is only data from 1 piezometer used to average discharge conditions (page 6724, L24)? However, the authors provide chemical, hydrology, isotope, and genetic data to make their case all of which seem to point in the same direction. It’s very interesting to note that while the willow zone is most efficient, the forest zone ...

We are currently investigating two di erent approaches to scalable shared memory Munin a distributed shared memory DSM system implemented entirely in software and Willow a true shared memory multiprocessor with extensive hardware support for scalability Munin allows parallel programs written for shared memory multiprocessors to be executed e ciently on dis tributed memory multiprocessors Unlike...

Telomeres and telomerase have important biological functions and can protect chromosome ends. In this study, sex- and season-dependent changes in telomere length and telomerase activity in ash and willow were analyzed. A statistical analysis showed that the telomere lengths of male and female trees differed significantly (P < 0.05). In ash, the telomere lengths of female trees were shorter than...

Ecological specialization is widely recognized as a major determinant of the emergence and maintenance of biodiversity. We studied two critical facets of specialization – local adaptation and habitat choice – in the host races of the leaf beetle Lochmaea capreae on willow and birch. Our results revealed that there is asymmetric disruptive selection for host use traits, and host races achieved d...

1. Additional Experimental Results In this section, we provide more comparative experimental results.In Section 1.1, the experimental results on the whole object classes in the Willow dataset are given. Some qualitative matching results of the Willow dataset are shown in Section 1.2. 1.1. Willow Object Dataset Under the same experimental settings explained in Section 6.2 of the main paper, we h...

Phytoremediation is a promising technology to remediate carcass burial sites where deep soil layers are contaminated with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and other potential contaminants by leachate. The current study was conducted to examine the remedial efficiency of two different woody plants, poplar (Populus euramericana) and willow (Salix alba), by employing the deep-planting technique for th...