OBJECTIVE Compared with other lower cranial nerves, the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPhN) is well hidden within the jugular foramen, at the infratemporal fossa, and in the deep layers of the neck. This study aims to disclose the course of the GPhN and point out landmarks to aid in its exposure. METHODS The GPhN was studied in 10 cadaveric heads (20 sides) injected with colored latex for microsurg...

Eagle’s syndrome is a rare cause of chronic cervical and throat pain connected with styloid process elongation. The etiology of this disorder remains unclear. The authors presented four cases of symptomatic, one-sided and both-sided elongation of the styloid process. Moreover, the study presented aspects of diagnosis and treatment of Eagle’s syndrome. The Authors especially focused on surgical ...

In living persons, the elongated styloid process may produce characteristic head and neck pain syndromes, commonly known as Eagle's syndrome. An awareness of this syndrome is important to all health practitioners involved in the diagnosis and treatment of neck and head pain. This article reviews the clinical importance of the elongated styloid process.

This study investigated the existence of association between the angulation of the styloid process on the anterior and medial directions with the intensity of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) symptoms. Fifty patients (8 men and 42 women) aged 25 to 70 years, with relevant TMD symptoms were evaluated. Clinical examinations were performed to determine the severity of TMD symptoms (orofacial pa...

OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to assess the elongation of the styloid process on digital panoramic radiographs and to evaluate the prevalence of the elongation according to age, sex and types. PATIENTS AND METHODS Digital panoramic radiographs of 198 geriatric edentulous patients were analyzed. The radiographic length of the styloid process was measured on both sides using the m...

Eagle syndrome is a rare condition presenting with retroauricular pain (usually as main symptom) associated with dysphagia, headache, neck pain on rotation and, much rarelier, stroke. This occurs due to styloid process elongation. Sometimes, there is also styloid ligament calcification, which can cause compression of nerves and arteries and the symptoms above. Treatment can be conservative with...

Pneumatisation of styloid process is a very rare finding and has never been reported previously. We present a unique case of a pneumatised styloid process with a cholesteatoma arising within the cavity. We describe the clinical features, associated radiological findings, and management of this lesion.

This work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of suggestive images of styloid process elongation in panoramic radiographs, noting their frequency according to sex, age, and location, as well as measure and classify the types and patterns of calcification of elongated styloid processes. 2,500 panoramic radiographs were evaluated in a Radiology Clinic in Recife, PE, Brazil, performed between 2008 an...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outcome of dissecting the styloid process via an extraoral approach combined with antidepressants for treating Eagle's syndrome. METHODS Twenty-two patients with Eagle's syndrome underwent resection of the elongated styloid processes under general anaesthesia via an extraoral approach. All patients completed a self-rating depression scale preoperatively, and a score ...