The abuse of synthetic psychoactive substances known as "designer drugs," or "new psychoactive substances" (NPS), is increasing at an alarming rate. NPS are purchased as alternatives to traditional illicit drugs of abuse and are manufactured to circumvent laws regulating the sale and use of controlled substances. Synthetic cathinones (i.e., "bath salts") and synthetic cannabinoids (i.e., "spice...

The analysis of substances of abuse remains one of the most matured areas in forensic science with a strong scientific basis, namely analytical chemistry. The current evolving drug markets, characterized by the global emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the need for forensic scientists to identify an unprecedented and ever-increasing number of NPS, presents a unique challenge to ...

Use of performance-enhancing substances is widespread among men and women athletes and body builders, professional or amateur, adolescent or adult. Many of these substances are illegal or have adverse effects. This article describes the action and effects of androgenic and growth hormones, their legality, their potential for abuse, and their impact on mortality.

In addition, economic analysis helps policymakers determine which of several alternative intervention programs provides the most benefits per dollar spent. For example, policymakers may assess the costeffectiveness of prevention versus treatment programs or broad-based versus targeted prevention programs. Focusing on this latter policy issue, suppose that policymakers wish to reduce the number ...

BACKGROUND Several studies have examined whether use of substances can cause schizophrenia. However, due to methodological limitations in the existing literature (e.g. selection bias and lack of adjustment of co-abuse) uncertainties still remain. We aimed to investigate whether substance abuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, addressing some of these limitations. METHOD The lon...

Substance abuse is the unrestrained and detrimental use of psychoactive chemical substances, unauthorized drugs, alcohol. Continuous these substances can ultimately lead a human to disastrous consequences. As patients display high rate relapse, prevention at an early stage be effective restraint. We therefore propose binary classifier identify any individual’s present vulnerability towards subs...

background: substance abuse is one of the most complicated social problems. understanding socio-demographic characteristics of those who abuse substances could help deal with this problem more efficiently. the main objective of this study was to determine socio-demographic characteristics associated with alcohol drinking, cigarettes smoking and drug abuse among a sample of male medical universi...

drug abuse is prevalent in all countries across the world and  induces variety of adverse effects (1). health problems arising from drug abuse commonly cause significant health challenges in the affected population and deteriorate many aspects of the patients’ performance and quality of life. comorbidities are discovered in 60 to 75% of addict patients, suffering from various drug-related disor...

OBJECTIVES The current study investigates which foods may be most implicated in addictive-like eating by examining how nutritionally diverse foods relate to loss of control consumption and various subjective effect reports. Subjective effect reports assess the abuse liabilities of substances and may similarly provide insight into which foods may be reinforcing in a manner that triggers an addic...