This paper identifies two notions of substitutes for auction and equilibrium analysis. Weak substitutes, which is the usual price-theory notion, guarantees monotonicity of tâtonnement processes and convergence of clock auctions to a pseudoequilibrium, but only strong substitutes, which treats each unit traded as a distinct good with its own price, guarantees that every pseudo-equilibrium is a W...

To the Editorial Committee of the BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY SiRs-In my recent article on the use of oxyphenonium as an atropine substitute (Roper-Hall, 1957) I stated that a previous atropine substitute, Lachesine, had been withdrawn from production. This was true at the date when the article was written in November, 1956, but I have recently learned that Lachesine is now being manufactu...

Substitute valuations (in some contexts called gross substitute valuations) are prominent in combinatorial auction theory. An algorithm is given in this paper for generating a substitute valuation through Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, the geometry of the set of all substitute valuations for a fixed number of goods K is investigated. The set consists of a union of polyhedrons, and the max...

Substitute valuations (in some contexts called gross substitute valuations) are prominent in combinatorial auction theory. An algorithm is given in this paper for generating a substitute valuation through Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, the geometry of the set of all substitute valuations for a fixed number of goods K is investigated. The set consists of a union of polyhedrons, and the max...

There are occasional reports of using the appendix to replace sections of the ureters, and to our knowledge, only a couple of them were in the left side. We used the appendix as a ureteral substitute in two cases in technically difficult parts, the upper left ureter and the first part of the right ureter. Follow-ups of8 years and 6 months in right and left side cases, respectively, are imp...

BACKGROUND A tube feeding decision aid designed at the Ottawa Health Research Institute was specifically created for substitute decision-makers who must decide whether to allow placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube in a cognitively impaired older person. We developed a Japanese version and found that the decision aid promoted the decision-making process of substitute dec...

BACKGROUND A phenylalanine-free amino acid based protein substitute is necessary to provide the major source of protein in phenylketonuria (PKU). Protein substitutes in PKU are usually given as drinks. These are unpalatable and compliance is often poor. Tablets containing a suitable mixture of phenylalanine-free amino acids (Aminogran Food Supplement, UCB) are now available. AIMS To compare t...

Objectives After reading this article, the reader will be able to:  Briefly discuss the significant milestones in the search for a substitute for human blood.  List several factors driving the search for a blood substitute.  List the characteristics of an ideal blood substitute.  Name and explain the four phases of clinical trials required before a drug can be approved by the Food and Drug ...

Lack of cytocompatibility in bone substitutes impairs healing in surrounding bone. Adverse biological events around biomaterials may be associated with oxidative stress. We hypothesized that a clinically used inorganic bone substitute is cytotoxic to osteoblasts due to oxidative stress and that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant amino acid derivative, would detoxify such material. Only 20%...

There have been several studies on the kinetics of . oxygen uptake (VO2) responding to impulse work (Bakker et al., 1980; Hughson et al., 1988; Swanson, 1990; Whipp and Ward, 1991), and it has been demonstrated . that VO2 is composed of two components (phase I and phase II). With regard to these components, Hughson et al. (1988) have suggested that phase I reflects an immediate increase in pulm...