The concept of the sun protection factor was originally proposed by the Austrian scientist Franz Greiter and subsequently adopted by many regulatory authorities and the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. It is popularly interpreted as how much longer skin covered with sunscreen takes to burn compared with unprotected skin. This interpretation can encourage users to prolong their sun exposu...

Taking an alcohol swab of a person’s forearm and analyzing it using a spectrophotometer has been shown to be a reliable method for detecting the presence of sunscreen. The aims of this study were to determine if moisturizing lotions or other non-sunscreen products influence the absorbance readings from skin swabs in a controlled setting, and to establish the cutoff point in determining the pres...

battlefield. Some twenty-five hundred years ago, Sun-Tzu taught us that if you knew the enemy and yourself, you would never be in danger in hundreds of battles. Sun-Tzu’s words, “Know your enemy,” mean knowing the enemy leader’s intentions. Sun-Tzu thought that if we knew the enemy's intentions, we could win a victory without war against the enemy. However, it is very difficult to find out the ...

CONTEXT High nevus density is a risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanocytic nevi originate in childhood and are largely caused by solar exposure. OBJECTIVE To determine whether use of broad-spectrum, high-sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreen attenuates development of nevi in white children. DESIGN Randomized trial conducted June 1993 to May 1996. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A ...

Previous theoretical and empirical studies suggest that CEOs' political connections are valuable to firms. We examine whether such connections become entrenched if the expected political capital fails to materialize and the firm lacks other types of political power. Using a sample of listed non-SOEs in China, we show that politically connected CEOs have a lower probability of turnover and cause...

Authors′ Affiliations: Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P. R. China; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China; Department of Editorial Office,...

Distribution of Japanese skin types (JSTs), sun-exposure habits, and sunscreen use were surveyed in 379 new outpatients. The largest number of subjects belonged to JST class J-II (65%), J-I was second (24%), and J-III was third (11%). Eighty-eight percent of those studied had occasional or habitual sun exposure during the summer, and many were exposed for more than three hours per exposure day ...

Topical sunscreens contain molecules or molecular complexes that can absorb, reflect, or scatter UV photons. Evaluation of the efficacy of sunscreen products has been made through the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), a mean of quantitatively assessing in vivo the degree of protection offered by sunscreen products against solar radiation. In vivo evaluation of SPF has several drawbacks. First of all...

The efficiency of a cosmetic product depends not only on the active ingredients, but also on the carrier system devoted to improve its bioavailability. This article aims to encapsulate two couples of UV molecular absorbers, with a blocking action on both UV-A and UV-B domains, into efficient lipid nanoparticles. The effect of encapsulation on the specific properties such as sun protection facto...