We analyze the optimal design of a markdown pricing mechanism with pre-announced prices. In the presence of limited supply, buyers who choose to purchase at a lower price may face a scarcity in supply. Our focus is on the structure of the optimal markdown mechanisms in the presence of rational or “strategic” buyers who demand multiple units. We first examine a complete information setting where...

Market-oriented reforms in the electricity supply industry worldwide have changed the decision investment context. Risks, such as the real need for new capacity and the return on investment, which were formerly borne by consumers or by taxpayers, now have to be faced by investors. However, even when scarcity prices efficiently reflect the tightness of supply in electricity markets, the reliabil...

as scholarships for training for almoners' work. The Council consider that not enough women are entering upon this work to fill the vacancies that are likely to occur in the future. Hitherto, indeed, the demand for trained almoners has always exceeded the supply. This is no doubt explained by the fact that the inherent qualities that go to the making of a good almoner are somewhat exceptional. ...

This paper quantifies the welfare impact of a permanent increase in the level of per capita income brought about by a temporary growth effect following financial liberalization. We find that a lion’s share of the welfare benefits from financial liberalization accrue over relatively short horizons, and in the early years after the policy is implemented. Evaluating welfare gains from liberalizati...

We present methods for an autonomous agent to identify dominant market conditions, such as over-supply or scarcity, and to predict market changes. The characteristics of economic regimes are learned from historic data and used, together with real-time observable information, to identify the current market regime and to forecast market changes. We use a Gaussian Mixture Model to represent the pr...

Food policy should serve humanity by advancing the humane goals of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. However, these goals have recently been challenged by emerging forces including climate change, water scarcity, the energy crisis as well as the credit crisis. This paper analyses the overall role of these forces and population growth in redefining global food security. Specifically, globa...

How do countries that share cross-border rivers respond to periods of abnormally low water availability? This article argues that understanding whether countries react cooperatively or conflictually to within-basin shortages is just as important as identifying the influence of cross-basin differences in absolute availability. To study the effects of within-basin, relative scarcity, the article ...

Product scarcity can influence purchase decisions, but this relationship is multifaceted due to the of various cues. This study aims integrate knowledge subject through a meta-analysis. The findings suggest that likelihood purchasing scarce product greater under (i) conditions excessive demand (rather than restricted supply) and variety category), not urgency (limited quantity limited time) sca...

Recently, a redistricting proposal intended to equalize Model for End-stage Liver Disease score at transplant recommended expanding liver sharing to mitigate geographic variation in liver transplantation. Yet, it is unclear whether variation in liver availability is arbitrary and a disparity requiring rectification or reflects differences in access to care. We evaluate the proposal's claim that...

Abstract Land-use decision making in densely populated cities is challenged to cover the urban demand for water and food while maintaining integrity of ecosystems that regulate supply these ecosystem services, beyond limits. can be informed using spatial analysis services demand, shedding light on potential mismatches, surpluses, deficits, unsustainable uses ecosystems. The integration such lan...