This paper describes the formulation, verification, and validation of a depth-integrated, non-hydrostatic model with a semi-implicit, finite difference scheme. The formulation builds on the nonlinear shallow-water equations and utilizes a non-hydrostatic pressure term to describe weakly dispersive waves. A momentumconserved advection scheme enables modeling of breaking waves without the aid of ...

A long-term study of four degraded streams in the upper Owens River watershed documented the recovery of riparian habitats and significant improvement in channel morphology in response to grazing strategies, recreation management, and pre-irrigation peak flows. Increased control of livestock distribution, timing of forage use and degree of forage utilization on and near stream banks was designe...

Semi-aquatic mammals occupy a precarious evolutionary position, having to function in both aquatic and terrestrial environments without specializing in locomotor performance in either environment. To examine possible energetic constraints on semi-aquatic mammals, we compared rates of oxygen consumption for the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) using different locomotor behaviors: swi...

Our study investigates possible formation mechanisms of the very recent bright gully deposits (BGDs) observed on Mars in order to assess if liquid water was required. We use two models in our assessment: a one-dimensional (1D) kinematic model to model dry granular flows and a two-dimensional (2D) fluiddynamic model, FLO-2D (O’Brien et al., 1993, FLO Engineering), to model water-rich and wet sed...

background: this study was carried out to determination of heavy metals (cd, cr, cu, fe, pb, ni and zn) concentration in upstream and downstream of the entry of the wastewater (untreated urban, traditional slaughterhouse waste, leachate from solid wastes has accumulated in river and  run off waters flowing across the city ) to the tembi river. methods: samples were collected for 1 year, before ...

A baseflow survey of 41 tributary creeks investigated the tiansport of alrazine, nilrate-nitrom chloride and sulfate in two 5,000 ha Jasper County, Iowa watersbeds. The waterskds comprise a long-tam paired shldy to evaluate the effects of largesale conversion of row nop to prairie in Walnut creek watershed compared to highly agricultural Squaw creek watershed. Discharge and chemical concentrati...

The role of surface freshwater flux boundary conditions in prognostic Arctic Ocean/sea-ice modelling is analysed, using a regional numerical model. Three different applications of freshwater flux formulations are evaluated. The standard formulation, which serves as a benchmark, takes surface volume fluxes due to precipitation, evaporation and river runoff into account. The total freshwater inpu...

This study aimed to discern the contribution of poultry farms to the contamination of the environment with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and therewith, potentially to the spread of these bacteria to humans and other animals. ESBL-producing E. coli were detected at all investigated laying hen farms (n = 5) and broiler farms (n = 3) in 65% (46/71) and 81% (57/70) of poultry faeces samples, resp...

In recent years, water (R718) as a kind of natural refrigerant—which is environmentally-friendly, safe and cheap—has been reconsidered by scholars. The systems of using water as the refrigerant, such as water vapor compression refrigeration and heat pump systems run at sub-atmospheric pressure. So, the research on water boiling heat transfer at sub-atmospheric pressure has been an important iss...

the accumulation of heavy metals cd, cu, ni, pb, v and zn in the mangrove, avicennia marina, was studied. cu, cd, and pb were accumulated in root tissues to levels higher than surrounding sediments. zn, ni, and v were accumulated to levels lower than sediment concentrations. pb and zn showed little mobility to leaf tissue but cu was accumulated in leaves with low concentration. since pb and zn ...