The REGFLUD-project, commissioned by Germany’s Federal Research Ministry (BMBF), addresses the problem of reducing diffuse pollution from agricultural production. The objective of the project is the development and application of multicriteria scientific methods, which are able to predict diffuse pollution in river basins subject to economic feasibility and social acceptability. The selected ri...

The calculation of whole-farm nutrient balance is an effective and simple method for estimating the potential nutrient loading from dairy farming into the environment. In Finland, however, the published results based on larger number of farms are still lacking. In this study whole-farm nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) balances on Finnish dairy farms were studied based on short-cut data for the y...

Since 1984, dairy farmers have been contributing 15 cents for each cwt. of milk they sell to fund state and national advertising to increase milk product consumption. The main reasons for this generic advertising program are to reduce government surpluses of dairy products and to raise farm prices. The funds available to state and national dairy promotion organizations from this assessment have...

We study the ever more integrated and ever more unbalanced trade relationships between European countries. To better capture the complexity of economic networks, we propose two global measures that assess the trade integration and the trade imbalances of the European countries. These measures are the network (or indirect) counterparts to traditional (or direct) measures such as the trade-to-GDP...

CONTEXT Physician shortages are appearing, yet controversy about their significance and uncertainty about their remedy exist. OBJECTIVES To sample the perceptions of medical school deans and state medical society executives about the adequacy of physician supply, to determine the perceived impact of any shortages on medical schools, and to assess the capacity of medical schools to expand. D...

The aim of the paper is to determine how profiles of annual extraction volumes would have differed under alternative policy objectives, conditional on optimizing behaviour and perfect knowledge about assumed future demand and supply functions, and the extent of the phosphate reserves. Three dynamic optimisation problems are formulated and solved for the following three objective functions, with...

Increased phosphorus (P) fertilizer use and livestock production has fundamentally altered the global P cycle. We calculated spatially explicit P balances for cropland soils at 0.5° resolution based on the principal agronomic P inputs and outputs associated with production of 123 crops globally for the year 2000. Although agronomic inputs of P fertilizer (14.2 Tg of P·y(-1)) and manure (9.6 Tg ...

The REGFLUD-project, commissioned by Germany's Federal Research Ministry (BMBF), addresses the problem of reducing diffuse pollution from agricultural production. The objective of the project is the development and application of multi-criteria scientific methods, which are able to predict diffuse pollution in river basins subject to economic feasibility and social acceptability. The selected r...

We report far-ultraviolet observations of Jupiter's moon Europa taken by Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in January and February 2014 to test the hypothesis that the discovery of a water vapor aurora in December 2012 by local hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) emissions with the STIS originated from plume activity possibly correlated with Europa's distan...

Nominal government debt, including the monetary base, is a residual claim to government surpluses. Thus, the value of Þat money can be determined in a completely frictionless economy, just like the price of stock. The main theoretical objection to this Þscal theory of the price level is that it mistreats the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. I show that the valuation equation for no...