The aim of this article is to establish whether there is anything intrinsically immoral about surrogacy arrangements from the perspective of the surrogate mother herself. Specific attention is paid to the claim that surrogacy is similar to prostitution in that it reduces women 's reproductive labour to a form of alienated and/or dehumanised labour.

The paper presents revocation schemes in role-based access control models. We are particularly interested in two key issues: how to perform revocation and how to manage the revocation policy. We show how to deal with these two aspects in the delegation model based on the OrBAC formalism and its administration licence concept. This model provides means to manage several delegation types, such as...

With more and more acceptance of Digital Certificates and Public Key Infrastructures (PKI), the mechanisms to revoke a certificate in a PKI have recently received increasing attention. The revocation mechanisms are commonly classified into Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), trusted dictionaries and online mechanisms. The designer of a PKI should select an appropriate revocation method suiting...

FIDO, German e-ID, Idemix and U-Prove constitute privacyenhanced public-key infrastructures allowing users to authenticate in an anonymous way. This however hampers timely revocation in a privacy friendly way. From a legal perspective, revocation typically should be effective within 24 hours after user reporting. It should also be backward unlinkable, i.e. user anonymity cannot be removed after...

In connection with the deterioration of reproductive health (women and men) or other reasons not related to couple, emergence new methods overcoming infertility, experts talked about prospect forming a fourth generation human rights while preserving nation. One types assisted technologies is surrogacy. Today, this species very popular, which used by married couples.
 Statistics show that m...

Many critics have suggested that international paid surrogacy is exploitative. Taking such concerns as its starting point, this article asks: (1) how defensible is the claim that international paid surrogacy is exploitative and what could be done to make it less exploitative? (2) In the light of the answer to (1), how strong is the case for prohibiting it? Exploitation could in principle be dea...

The destination and source countries for commercial surrogacy match world patterns of inequality. India, Nepal, Thailand, Mexico, Cambodia banned surrogacy, moving the market to other less-developed in South Africa America. India had a boom until exploitative factors led passage Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019, which practice. This paper examines surrogacy's monetary, health, emotional effects...

Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) are the most popular means of revocation checking. A CRL is essentially a signed and timestamped list containing information about all revoked certificates issued by a certification authority. One of the shortcomings of CRLs is poor scalability which influences update, bandwidth and storage costs. Other, more efficient revocation techniques leak potentially s...

The use of certi cate revocation lists (CRLs) to convey revocation state in public key infrastructures has long been the subject of debate. Centrally, opponents of the technology attribute a range of semantic and technical limitations to CRLs. In this paper, we consider arguments advising against the use of CRLs made principally by Rivest in his paper \Can we eliminate certi cate revocation lis...