and damper do not provide energy to the suspension system and control only the motion of the car body and wheel by limiting the suspension velocity according to the rate determined by the designer, T~ the above problem, active suspension systems have been proposed by various [3,4,51. Active suspension systems dynamically respond to changes in the road profile because of their ability to supply ...

Primary suspension is the term used for suspension components connecting the wheel assemblies of a vehicle to the frame of the vehicle (Fig.1). This is in contrast to the suspension components connecting the frame and body of the vehicle, or those components located directly at the vehicle’s seat, commonly called the secondary suspension. Usually a vehicle contains both primary and secondary su...