Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction...

Metformin and berberine have been reported to have lipid lowering effects. This study aims to investigate lipid lowering effects of berberine and metformin, alone and in combination, in HepG2 cells to determine whether berberine and metformin work synergistically and elucidate their mechanisms. HepG2 cells were treated with 33 mM glucose in the presence of various concentrations of berberine an...

We describe a novel improved approach to the synthesis of the important and well-known heat shock protein 70 inhibitor (HSP70), pifithrin-μ, with corresponding and previously unreported characterisation. The first example of a combination study comprising HSP70 inhibitor pifithrin-μ and cisplatin or oxaliplatin is reported. We have determined, using the Chou-Talalay method, (i) moderate synergi...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Cigarette Smoke on the human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of stimulated or non-stimulated saliva in an in vitro model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ten healthy volunteers in the age range of 21 to 29 were selected and samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes and saliva (whole and stimulated saliva) collected . P...

1. R. J. Cornett and F. H. Rigler, Science 205, 580 (1979). 2. W. Y. B. Chang and R. A. Moll, ibid. 209, 722 (1980). 3. M. Kleiber, The Fire ofLife: An Introduction to Animal Energetics (Wiley, New York, 1961). 4. B. T. Hargrave, Limnol. Oceanogr. 14, 801 (1969). S. W. W. Walker, Water Resour. Res. 15, 1463 (1979); R. J. Cornett and F. H. Rigler, Limnol. Oceanogr., in press. 6. M. N. Charlton, ...

For identifying the synergistic compounds from Pongamia pinnata, an approach based on high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) combined with isobolographic analysis was designed to detect the synergistic effects in the complex mixture [...].

The synergistic inhibition of the growth of Marchantia polymorpha gemmalings by lysine and threonine and its prevention by methionine has been investigated utilizing '4C-labeled amino acids. Experiments involving the uptake of '4C-lysine or '4C-threonine in the presence or absence of methionine indicated that the synergistic growth effects were not a result of altered amino acid uptake. These d...

Recent data showing that glucan stimulates defense reactions in plants through synthesis of resveratrol, led us to study the possible synergetic effects of a glucan-resveratrol complex on immune reactions in mice. We measured phagocytic activity, expression of CD4 marker on spleen cells, IL-2 secretion and antibody response. In all cases we confirmed the stimulatory effects of glucan. Resveratr...