Scalar modifiers, such as the English at least, have been argued to four different readings: a neutral, an epistemic, concessive, and qualifying reading. This paper investigates expression of these readings in German Sign Language against background Bodily Mapping Hypothesis. hypothesis states that there is systematic mapping between position operator syntactic structure height articulator expr...

This chapter describes the Ezafe construction in Zazaki which all nominal and non-nominal modifiers, including possessors, appear postnominal position are linked to their head noun with marker. this language displays distinguishing properties such that it not only inflects for phi-features definiteness of noun, but also reflects case whole phrase receives clause. The Direct Oblique distinctions...

Non-competitive and non-threatening aspects of social hierarchy, such as politeness, are universal among human cultures, and might have evolved from ritualized submission in primates; however, these behaviors have rarely been studied. Honorific language is a type of polite linguistic communication that plays an important role in human social interactions ranging from everyday conversation to in...

Every language may have some entities which may not be owned by another language. The uniqueness of a language is strongly influenced by the culture of its native speakers. Therefore, languages vary cross-culturally. I strongly believe that the way the Javanese people (one of the Indonesian ethnic groups) express politeness is also influenced by the Javanese culture. This article tries to exami...

This paper aims to cast light on the somewhat neglected area of mock politeness. The principle objectives are to describe the ways that mock politeness is talked about and performed. In order to investigate such usage, I analyse data from informal, naturally occurring conversations in a UK-based online forum. The paper introduces a range of metalinguistic expressions which are used to refer to ...

This paper describes a model of politeness between intentional agents developed from sociolinguistic observations of human-human interactions (Brown and Levinson, 1987) and suggests a method for applying it to human-machine interactions. Applications in the context of a medication reminder system are presented including data which suggest that the Brown and Levinson model provides good predicti...

A previous study showed that pedagogical agents that offer feedback with appropriate politeness strategies can help students learn better [21]. This work studied the Politeness Effect in a foreign language intelligent tutoring system, and provided further evidence that tutorial feedback with socially intelligent strategies can influence motivation and learning outcomes.

This paper argues that the two-layer modification of noun phrases as proposed in Larson & Takahashi (2004), Del Gobbo (2005), and Hsieh (2005) cannot account for the distribution of the order of stage-level and individual-level relatives in Mandarin. Alternatively, it is suggested that I-level relatives must occur closer to the head nouns than S-level relatives because I-level modifiers are arg...

1. Introduction Typological research has uncovered a surprising amount of variation in which parts of a complex motion event (Bohnemeyer et al 2007) or causal chain (Bohnemeyer et al 2010) can be described as a single event across the languages of the world. The intuitive property of presenting a scenario as a " single event " has been operationalized in these studies in terms of the Macro Even...