Today, learners’ interaction and collaborative task performance have attracted increasing attention from language teachers and researchers. The present study investigated whether collaborative pre-planning, task complexity manipulation, and language proficiency level play a role in learners’ interactions. To this end, 128 EFL learners from two different language proficiency levels carried out t...

We present an integrated Task-Motion Planning (TMP) framework for navigation in large-scale environments. Of late, TMP manipulation has attracted significant interest resulting a proliferation of different approaches. In contrast, received considerably less attention. Autonomous robots operating real-world complex scenarios require planning the discrete (task) space and continuous (motion) spac...

Over the last decade, use of robots in production and daily life has increased. With increasingly complex tasks interaction different environments including humans, are required a higher level autonomy for efficient deliberation. Task planning is key element It combines elementary operations into structured plan to satisfy prescribed goal, given specifications on robot environment. In this manu...

The main goal in task planning is to build a sequence of actions that takes an agent from initial state state. In robotics, this particularly difficult because usually have several possible results, and sensors are prone produce measurements with error. Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) commonly employed, thanks their capacity model the uncertainty modify monitor system. H...

the favorable gains gleaned from the provision of pre-task planning time (ptp) have struck a chord with sla researchers as they try to manipulate task features to promote language production and development. in a similar vein, the present study is a two-fold attempt to first compare the effect of the length of pre-task planning time on discourse-analytic measures in narrative written production...