Tattooing is one of a number of DNA delivery methods which results in an efficient expression of an introduced gene in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. The tattoo procedure causes many minor mechanical injuries followed by hemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation and regeneration of the skin and thus non-specifically stimulates the immune system. DNA vaccines delivered by tattooing have b...

PURPOSE During laparoscopic partial cystectomy (LPC), lesion identification is essential to help to determine the appropriate bladder incisions required to maintain adequate resection margins. The inability to use tactile senses makes it difficult for surgeons to locate lesions during laparoscopic surgery. Endoscopic India ink marking techniques are often used in laparoscopic gastroenterologica...

Clinical research of gastrointestinal precancerous lesions is a key point in primary preven‐ tion of gastrointestinal cancer. It’s a long time from superficial gastritis to atrophic gastri‐ tis and to the gastric carcinoma finally. So how to effectively carry on the long-term followup of the gastric precancerous lesions becomes a perplexing medical problem [8; 2; 3; 7]. The most accurate ways t...

A study was performed at the Garrison Medical Centre, Larkhill to assess the incidence of skin tattoos in a sample of soldiers. The soldiers were questioned with the aim of establishing where they had had their tattoos done, identifying any factors involved in becoming tattooed and assessing what proportion later regretted their actions. The study included 450 male soldiers. Assessment was by a...