Study area is located in the higher folded belt in the Zagros Mountain in the Iraqi Kurdistan. Analyzed geomorphic indices included sixteen sub basins: the stream gradient index (SL), drainage basin asymmetry (AF), hypsometric integral (Hi), Valley floor width-valley height ratio (VF) and mountain front sinuosity (J) is obtained relative of tectonic activity in the study area. These indices abo...

The existing literature on resulting reservoir geomorphology after hydraulic reservoir flushings has been systematically examined and evaluated. The emphasis has been put on cross-sectional and longitudinal variations in geomorphology due to flushing, but also the available literature on physical models and analytical modeling and a short section on depositional processes are included as well.

River restoration design requires the application of fluvial geomorphic concepts, and should be expected to apply the techniques concurrent with contemporary thinking and research. Through a brief review of the history of geomorphology over the past century, striking parallels between geomorphic research and river restoration practice become apparent. Namely, restoration design has been, to dat...

The evolution of the diverse flora in the Lower Volga Valley (LVV) (southwest Russia) is complex due to the composite geomorphology and tectonic history of the Caspian Sea and adjacent areas. In the absence of phylogenetic studies and temporal information, we implemented a maximum likelihood (ML) approach and stochastic character mapping reconstruction aiming at recovering historical signals fr...

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the application of high-resolution imagery and geographic-based information systems across every segment of society from security intelligence to product marketing to scientifi c research. Google Earth has positioned itself at the forefront of this spatial information wave by providing free access to high-resolution imagery through a simple, user-fri...

We use the 2021 GEBCO grid to interpret seabed geomorphology within Cook Islands and adjacent areas. A complex geological history dating back 125 Ma is manifested in a range of geoforms. These include abyssal plains, plateaux, volcanic tectonic rises, seamount-knolls chains troughs, as well fault zones. Main Map at 1:3,000,000 scale presented with example cross-sections, 1:10,000,000 inset maps...

Sado Island is floating offshore of Niigata on Sea of Japan. This island is 855km2 and composed of Ko-sado (Small Sado) and O-Sado (Large Sado), and both them are arranged in a direction of NNE-SSW. This arrangement are parallel to Kakuda-Yahiko Range, south of Niigata City in the main land. O-Sado has the highest peak of more than 1100 m (Kinpokusan: 1172m), and Ko-Sado of 600 m high peak (Dai...

Conventional wisdom holds that the southern Appalachian Mountains have not experienced a significant phase of tectonic forcing for >200 myr; yet, they share many characteristics with tectonically active settings, including locally high topographic relief, steep slopes, incised river gorges, and frequent mass-wasting events. Two competing hypotheses are commonly used to explain their modern topo...

I. Summary Geography and geomorphology are not constant. Continents and oceans are continually rearranging and evolving in response to plate motions and internal plate deformation, thereby establishing dynamic boundary conditions that affect global ocean/atmosphere circulation, the connectedness of biological communities, the spatial and temporal distribution of biogeochemically important mass ...