Upon the addition of protons to an aqueous solution containing multiple buffers, the final H+ concentration ([H+]) at equilibrium is determined by the partitioning of added H+ among the various buffer components. In the analysis of acid-base chemistry, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the Stewart strong ion formulation can only describe (rather than predict) the equilibrium pH following a...

the effect of economic growth and free trade on environment and transnational pollutions is one of the most important current discussions in the field of environmental economics. nowadays, the economics, social and developmental consequences of the climatic changes around the world is increasingly accepted and approved. in fact, the environment is considered as one of the key elements for susta...

In a financial market where agents trade for prices in the short-term and where news can increase the uncertainty of the public belief, there are strategic complementarities in the acquisition of private information and a continuum of equilibrium strategies if the cost of information is sufficient small. Imperfect observation of the past prices reduces the continuum of Nash-equilibrium to a uni...

We study an oligopoly consisting of M leaders and N followers that supply a homogeneous product (or service) noncooperatively. Leaders choose their supply levels first, knowing the demand function only in distribution. Followers make their decisions after observing the leader supply levels and the realized demand function. We term the resulting equilibrium a stochastic multiple-leader Stackelbe...

In this work we study weighted network congestion games with playerspecific latency functions where selfish players wish to route their traffic through a shared network. We consider both the case of splittable and unsplittable traffic. Our main findings are as follows: – For routing games on parallel links with linear latency functions without a constant term we introduce two new potential func...

This article reports on an investigation into the ability of minced banana peel to extract lead and copper ions from water and the parameters involved in this process. The kinetics of copper and lead uptake reached equilibrium in 10 min and the extraction of metals ions was favorable above pH 3. The medium was characterized by FTIR, which showed absorption bands of carboxylic and amine groups a...

The presence of metals in hot cluster gas and in Lyα absorbers, as well as the mass-metallicity relation of observed galaxies, suggest that galaxies lose a significant fraction of their metals to the intergalactic medium (IGM). Theoretical studies of this process have concentrated on metal removal by dynamical processes or supernova-driven winds. Here, we investigate the enrichment of the IGM b...

We revisit price of anarchy in network routing, in a new model in which routing decisions are made by self-interested components of the network, as opposed to by the flows as in [12]. This significant departure from previous work on the problem seeks to model Internet routing more accurately. We propose two models: the latency model in which the network edges seek to minimize the average latenc...

The concept of executive functions has a rich history and remains current despite increased use of other terms, including working memory and cognitive control. Executive functions have sometimes been equated with functions subserved by the frontal cortex, but this adds little clarity, given that we so far lack a comprehensive theory of frontal function. Pending a more complete mechanistic under...

We investigate reactive gas mixtures in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. Our starting point is a generalized Boltzmann equation with a chemical source term valid for arbitrary reaction mechanisms and yielding a positive entropy production. We rst study the Enskog expansion in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. We derive a new set of macroscopic equations in the zerothand rst-order...