Output power in a hybrid power system is constant while the input power with variable characteristics that is generated by different sources. Using Hybrid Electrical Energy Storage (HEES) systems, is growing rapidly since there is an obvious need for clean energy. This paper introduces different parts of a HEES system and then proposes HEES systems which employ battery, ultracapacitor and f...

At least three identified cell types in the stratum griseum centrale (SGC) of the chick optic tectum mediate separate pathways from the retina to different subdivisions of the thalamic nucleus rotundus. Two of these, SGC type I and type II, constitute the major direct inputs to rotundal subdivisions that process various aspects of visual information, e.g., motion and luminance changes. Here, we...

The thalamic reticular nucleus is strategically located in the axonal pathways between thalamus and cortex, and reticular cells exert strong, topographic inhibition on thalamic relay cells. Though evidence exists that reticular neurons are interconnected via conventional and electrical synapses, the spatial extent and relative strength of these synapses are unclear. To address these issues, we ...

Human scalp electroencephalographic rhythms, indicative of cortical population synchrony, have long been posited to reflect cognitive processing. Although numerous studies employing simultaneous thalamic and cortical electrode recording in nonhuman animals have explored the role of the thalamus in the modulation of cortical rhythms, direct evidence for thalamocortical modulation in human has no...

Hippocampally-driven oscillatory activity at theta frequency is found in the diencephalon, but an understanding of the fundamental role of theta in the hippocampo-diencephalic circuit remains elusive. An important strategy in determining how activity modifies oscillatory properties of hippocampo-diencephalic circuitry comprises investigations of anterior thalamic responses to their main inputs:...

Electrical stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN; 0.5-s trains of 500-Hz 0.5-ms pulses at 5-10 microA) evokes focal oscillations of cortical electrical potentials in the gamma frequency band ( approximately 35-55 Hz). These evoked oscillations are specific to either the somatosensory or auditory cortex and to subregions of the cortical receptotopic map, depending on what part of th...

In recent years, incremental rate of electrical demands made many challenges for policy makers of power systems. Besides, due to economic crisis and environmental concerns about the air pollution, the new investments in thermal power generation units have experienced a noticeable reduction. For this reason, the power system operators should propose novel approaches to make a balance between inc...

Discussion Anatomical and functional data The MDTN is the second largest nuclear aggregation located within the medial part of the thalamus and is closely related to the centromedian/parafascicular nucleus complex3. Distinct thalamic nuclei, like the MDTN and centromedian/parafascicular complex, are embedded in different basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops, which integrate cognitive and emotion...