Optical rulers have served as a key tool for scientists from different disciplines to address a wide range of biological activity. Since the optical window of state of the art FRET rulers is limited to a 10 nm distance, developing long range optical rulers is very important to monitor real life biological processes. Driven by this need, the current manuscript reports for the first time the desi...

In this paper we present a new evolutionary algorithm designed to efficiently search for optimal Golomb rulers. The proposed approach uses a redundant random keys representation to codify the information contained in a chromosome and relies on a simple interpretation algorithm to obtain feasible solutions. Experimental results show that this method is successful in quickly identifying good solu...

Nonconvex Cases for Carpenter’s Rulers

An evolutionary algorithm based on Random Keys to represent Golomb Rulers segments has been found to be a reliable option for finding Optimal Golomb Rulers in a short amount of time, when comparing with standard methods. This paper presents a modified version of this evolutionary algorithm where the maximum segment length for a Golomb Ruler is also part of the evolutionary process. Attained exp...

We extend the scope of nanometer distance measurements based on coupled pairs of gold nanoparticles, or plasmon rulers, to individual RNA molecules. These sensors were used to monitor the influence of spermidine on the cleavage kinetics of RNA by ribonuclease A. Time-resolved cleavage experiments of individual RNA plasmon rulers reveal transiently stabilized RNA sub-populations at increased spe...

Conflict can be a serious problem if it is allowed to escalate as could create chaotic conditions that make nearly impossible for people relate or live together peacefully. This study seeks examine the roles and challenges facing traditional rulers in conflict prevention resolution Kogi Local Government area of State. Data this were collected from various secondary sources such textbooks, journ...