The graph realization problem is that of computing the relative locations of a set of vertices placed in Euclidean space, relying only upon some set of inter-vertex distance measurements. This paper is concerned with the closely related problem of determining whether or not a graph has a unique realization. Both these problems are NP-hard, but the proofs rely upon special combinations of edge l...

We investigate the determinants of geographical distances to parents. We focus on the role of family members who live outside the household (the parents themselves, and siblings), and on the distinction between the effects of life events and effects related to the timing with which these events have been experienced in the life course. We use data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study and li...

strains of trichoderma harzianum s. l. have a great importance because of affecting mankind by being used as biological control agents against plant pathogens. in the present study, we planned to characterize the phylogenetic structure of t. harzianum recovered from different geographical origins and various habitats in some climates of iran (nc, scd, csw). in order to screen 239 collected tric...

garlic (allium sativum .l) has been and is clonally propagated, because it does not produce seed under standard conditions. knowledge of plant recourses genetic diversity can be a first and most important step in achieving breeding program purposes. because of its high accuracy and reproducibility among different genetic diversity assessment techniques amplified fragment length polymorphism (af...