The relevance of the neuroretinal ring (NRR) for early diagnostic of glaucoma is not a novel concept. In fact, we can all remember the ISNT mnemonic rule, which represented the distribution of sector thicknessess characteristic of a healthy NRR, for discriminating between normal papilla (rule intact) and suspect or glaucomatous papillae (rule infringed). This rule was not infallible because it ...

limitations of our cognitive system? Or are errors indispensable parts of every intelligent system? From the first perspective, all errors are at best unnecessary and at worst harmful. Consider an error commonly made by children. When asked to find the sum of 1/2 and 1/3. the answer is often 2/5. This is called the freshman error of adding numerators and adding denominators {Silver. 1986). But ...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

When I think about— members of my own staff who are incredibly committed, in monogamous relationships, same-sex relationships, who are raising kids together. When I think about— those soldiers or airmen or marines or— sailors who are out there fighting on my behalf— and yet, feel constrained, even now that Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell is gone, because— they’re not able to— commit themselves in a marri...

We should employ a strategy to test an industrial product line. Testing products individually is redundant for product lines since the products share a considerable amount of code. This document makes a decision that can be presented to industry about which product line testing strategy they should employ based on the best available evidence out there. Industry can use the evidence to decide on...

To study the cognitive role that tangible objects play in design thinking, we gave 17 architects and novice students a set of blocks and asked them to design their dream house. Although the blocks seem simple they are filled with perceptual surprises. We regard manipulating blocks as a form of physical thinking because through interaction designers increase the dimensionality of their design sp...