Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a progressive eye disorder associated with thyroid autoimmunity, particularly Graves' hyperthyroidism, which is generally considered to have an autoimmune etiology. Eye muscle membrane proteins reportedly of 55 and 64 kDa are the best markers of the ophthalmopathy. The main focus of our recent studies has been to purify the pertinent proteins from porc...

Both smoking and thyroid dysfunction are frequent in the general population. Many studies have shown that cigarette smoking interferes with thyroid function and with the evolution of thyroid pathology (e.g. goiter formation and thyroid cancer development). Some studies have also suggested a significant correlation of Graves' hyperthyroidism and Graves' ophthalmopathy with the severity of smokin...

Patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO or thyroid eye disease TED) may present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. As the disease evolves, a myriad of ophthalmic complications may occur that requires the involvement of multiple ophthalmic disciplines. Orthoptists are valuable members of the eye care team who are often called upon to manage the diplopic complaints of these patie...

INTRODUCTION Eye symptoms are comparatively frequent in the clinical evidence of Basedow's disease in childhood. Severe forms of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy are casuistic in pediatric patients. Early diagnose and evaluation of the severity of thyroid orbitopathy and relevant specialist treatment are key prognostic factors according to the contemporary consensuses. AIM The aim of the pre...

A 70-year-old man with thyroid associated ophthalmopathy showed inflammatory swelling of the left inferior oblique muscle that was significantly improved by steroid pulse therapy and radiotherapy. Sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance images were useful to detect the lesion and to evaluate the effects of treatment.

Graves' disease is a rare disorder in children, particularly in infants. Ocular manifestations of Graves' disease in children are even more rare and are mild compared to adults. We report a 3-year-old girl with Graves' ophthalmopathy who visited our clinic because of lacrimation. Her family had also noticed exophthalmos, goiter, irritability and increased appetite for more than 3 months. The op...

The clinical manifestations of carotid cavernous fistula, an abnormal arteriovenous connection between the cavernous sinus and the carotid artery, can closely mimic the cardinal signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy, an inflammatory disorder of the orbit usually associated with autoimmune thyroid disease. Therefore, carotid cavernous fistulas are generally considered in the differential diagnosis of ...