This research paper adapts intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm to solve the discrete timecost-quality trade-off problem (DTCQTP) in software projects which is never solved before by this algorithm. Project manager's goal is getting an optimal allocation of time, cost and quality of each task/activity in the software project such that total time and cost of the project is minimized while pro...

-It is demonstrated that usual time-memory trade-offs offer no asymptotic advantage over exhaustive search. Instead, trade-offs between time, memory, and parallel processing are proposed. Using this approach it is shown that most searching problems allow a trade-off between C,, the cost per solution, and C,,,, the cost of the machine: doubling C,,, increases the solution rate by a factor of fou...

T his paper investigates the gain of bilateral trade between China and U.S. in manufacturing sectors when both countries play a role in asymmetric (biased) growth of  international trade. Our model includes a special case of Biased Growth Theory in international trade. We collected labor productivity, export and import data by using classification of manufacturing industries, for U.S...

Many developing countries including Pakistan face the problem of trade deficit. These countries use various measures to improve the trade balance. One of the components is devaluation of domestic currency. The purpose of this paper is to find whether the devaluation using REER is effective in improving the trade balance in Pakistan or not. The bound testing approach of ARDL is used to estimate ...

we describe a simple model that fits well with iranian economy, and extends a methodology which chary at el. (2007) demonstrated. in addition to four traditional wedges, we introduce additional trade wedge. we then evaluate the contribution of these wedges to the fluctuations in iran during last three years. because of international sanction, trading cost increases, and firms have difficulty to...

Research on a new metaheuristic for optimization is often initially focused on proof of concept applications. Time and cost are the most important factors to be considered in every construction project. Over the years, many research studies have been conducted to model the time-cost relationship. Construction planners often face the challenge of optimum resources utilization to compromise betwe...

Time–cost trade-off problem is one of the main aspects of project scheduling. Due to variations in the real world, usually, risks in estimation of project parameters are considerably high. Therefore, use of uncertain models, which is capable of formulating vagueness in the real world, to solve time–cost trade-off problems, gives a scheduling with more stability against environmental variations....

background: to extract utility values of diabetic retinopathy on a perfect health and perfect vision scales for iranians with both types diabetes. methods: in this investigation, 150 untreated patients with diabetic retinopathy consecutively were examined and interviewed in farabi eye hospital, tehran, iran, a tertiary referral center in the iranian health care system. utility values based on p...