In this study, titanium nitride (TiN) is synthesized using reactive sputtering for a self-aligned gate process. The Schottky barrier height of the TiN on n-GaN is around 0.5 to 0.6 eV and remains virtually constant with varying nitrogen ratios. As compared with the conventional Ni electrode, the TiN electrode presents a lower turn-on voltage, while its reverse leakage current is comparable with...

A one-pot tandem Pd-catalyzed hydrostannylation/Stille coupling protocol for the stereoselective generation of vinyltins and their subsequent union, employing only catalytic amounts of tin, is described. By recycling the organotin halide Stille byproduct back to organotin hydride, a hydrostannylation/cross-coupling sequence can be carried out with catalytic amounts of tin. Such a process is mos...

The concentrations of urinary tin in healthy adults in Aichi prefecture were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry over a period of three years (1986-1988), to obtain the normal tin level in urine and to elucidate the influence of environmental alterations on health conditions in the future. In addition to the above-mentioned method, the relationship to life style, dietary habits, smoking ...

Tin is one of the most efficient source materials for both gas discharge plasma sources and laser produced plasma sources for EUV lithography. Unlike Xenon which was the material commonly investigated for the EUVL source application, recycling of the target materials is not necessary for tin targets because of its low relative cost. However, in assessing the benefits of different source archite...

Tin(IV) oxide functions as an abrasive, bulking, and opacifying agent in cosmetic products and is used at concentrations up to 0.4% in rinse-off products and up to 1.3% in leave-on products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) noted that tin(IV) oxide is a water-insoluble inorganic metal compound and should not be percutaneously absorbed; therefore, systemic exposure is not like...

Sir, Tubulointerstitial diseases including tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) have an impact on overall renal function and eventual prognosis of renal diseases [1]. However, the detailed pathogenesis of human TIN has not been fully studied. Renal involvement in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated diseases shows mainly glomerular lesion, especially necrotizing crescentic glome...

Organotin compounds are versatile reagents in organic chemistry.1 Among the most commonly used tin reagents is tributyltin hydride.2 One of tributyltin hydride’s major applications is in free-radical reactions3 such as dehalogenations of alkyl, vinyl, or aryl halides, often followed by intraor intermolecular C-C coupling. These chain reactions allow the formation of quite complex ring systems a...

The critical parameters for the structural stability of physical vapor deposited TiN film on (112̄0) sapphire were investigated by analyzing the adhesion strength and failure mechanism through in situ observations of the fracture sequence during scratch tests and static normal indentation. TiN was deposited by arc ion plating on (112̄0) sapphire, and the thickness of the TiN film was controlled t...

Alternative splicing is a key regulatory mechanism for gene expression, vital for the proper functioning of eukaryotic cells. Disruption of normal pre-mRNA splicing has the potential to cause and reinforce human disease. Owing to rapid advances in high-throughput technologies, it is now possible to identify novel mRNA isoforms and detect aberrant splicing patterns on a genome scale, across larg...

The average contents, in mg/kg edible portion (e.p.), of elements not considered for nutritional labeling in Spanish table olives were as follows: aluminum, 71.1; boron, 4.41; barium, 2.77; cadmium, 0.04; cobalt, 0.12; chromium, 0.19; lithium, 6.56; nickel, 0.15; lead, 0.15; sulfur, 321; tin, 18.4; strontium, 9.71; and zirconium, 0.04. Sulfur was the most abundant element in table olives, follo...